macOS Catalina

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macOS Catalina
MacOS Catalina wordmark.svg
developer Apple Inc.
License (s) EULA ; APSL , BSD , GPL , among others
First publ. October 7, 2019
Current  version 10.15.6 of July 15, 2020
(48 days ago)
Basic system Darwin
Kernel XNU ( hybrid kernel )
ancestry Unix → BSD
↳ NeXTStep / OPENSTEP
↳ Rhapsody
↳ macOS
Architecture (s) x64
timeline 10.14 ← 10.15 → 11.0
compatibility UNIX 03 ( POSIX etc.), FreeBSD
Languages) multilingual ( details ),
u. a. German
Apple macOS Catalina

Catalina , fully macOS Catalina 10:15 , is the 16th major release of macOS , the desktop operating system from Apple . It is named after the rocky island of Santa Catalina off the coast of California.

macOS Catalina was presented on June 3, 2019 at the Worldwide Developers Conference and released on October 7, 2019 after a beta phase of several months. The beta program was initially only available to developers, and later to anyone interested.

New and discontinued functions

New

This version offers the following new features:

  • macOS Catalina is a pure 64-bit system  - there is no support for 32-bit applications, as was present in all 64-bit variants of previous macOS versions.
  • The System Integrity Protection has been tightened, and the core programs and services are operated in a read-only volume on an APFS volume, which increases security, especially protection against malware and functions.
  • For safety reasons the use of stands kernel extensions ( Kernel Extensions , .kext) third-party no longer available. You can use the newly introduced system extensions ( System Extensions , .systemuse). These run in user mode instead of kernel mode and are based on the DriverKit that has been specially introduced for this purpose .
  • Shell Bash 3.x , which was preset since Panther 10.3 of 2003, has been replaced by the Z shell for licensing reasons .
  • The possibility to implement iPadOS apps under macOS has been introduced. This is made easier for developers by the Project Catalyst (formerly: Marzipan ).
  • With the Sidecar function , an iPad can be connected to the Mac and used as a second screen in certain programs.
  • With new voice commands, a Mac can also be controlled just by voice. In the settings you can now see - analogous to iOS - how long the Mac has been in use and which programs this screen time is divided among.

Dropped out

With the introduction of macOS Catalina, however, a large number of functions and applications that were an integral part of macOS for a very long time or were offered in addition by Apple are no longer available:

  • As a direct consequence of the fact that only 64-bit programs work, Apple's own 32-bit components are no longer compatible:
    • The Carbon - programming that limited to 32-bit remained until recently and was no longer being developed since 2007, was removed.
    • The older QuickTime 7 or QuickTime Pro including plugins are no longer available. The QuickTime Player , a 64-bit application , is retained, however.
    • Aperture photo management and editing is no longer supported, as the formats and codecs used by the software are sometimes not 64-bit compatible.
  • For the first time in around 18 years, Apple no longer supplies iTunes with the operating system . ITunes functions such as music or movie playback are split into three other programs for music, podcasts, and television.
  • After over 14 years, the dashboard was abolished.
  • The outdated version 1.0 of the SMB protocol is no longer activated by default, which can lead to access problems in conjunction with devices that only support this version.
  • The scripting languages Ruby , Python and Perl have now been discontinued and will no longer be preinstalled with a future version of macOS. Apple points out the possibility of installing such components yourself if necessary, which in turn simplifies updating them. Developers should integrate appropriate components into their products and deliver them with them.

Compatibility and Issues

In 2018, Apple announced that Mojave would be the last version of the operating system to support 32-bit apps. With the release of Catalina, this support was no longer available and the programs can no longer be used easily on updated Macs. Apple itself lists 235 programs that provoke a message in the operating system when attempting to start, informing the user that this title can no longer be run. Some of these are older versions; current program versions are mostly already compatible with macOS Catalina.

The problem is the lack of drivers for older external peripheral devices such as scanners and printers ; If the hardware manufacturer or a third-party provider does not provide 64-bit drivers compatible with Catalina, the affected device can no longer be used or can only be used to a limited extent after switching to the new system. Even computer games that were played with the previous operating system version, e.g. B. could be played via Steam on the Mac, can no longer run if they are available as a 32-bit program, which applies to a large number of older titles. Games generally do not get upgraded from 32- to 64-bit unless they are remake.

Third-party data backup programs that previously backed up to the HFS + file system are no longer compatible and have to be adapted for Catalina , also due to the tightening of the System Integrity Protection and the core system on a write-protected APFS volume. In addition, as with every software update, various other errors occur, for example, it is reported that when migrating to version 10.15 (Build 19A583) the Apple Mail program only loads or moves mails their headers , but not the mail itself takes over; If an account is operated under IMAP , this error is synchronized on the server of the mail provider and thus on all devices used, the mails are lost if there is no data backup. There were also cases of the first version released that reported that the system update itself failed and Macs stopped responding when restarted during installation.

System requirements

MacOS Catalina, version 10.15, supports the same Macs as the previous version 10.14, Mojave , with the exception of the 2010/2012 Mac Pro models :

history

macOS version Build Darwin version Publication date annotation
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 1 19A471t 19.0.0 4th June 2019 First (developer) beta version, were usually made available a week or two later as a public beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 2 19A487l 17th June 2019 Second beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 3 19A501i 1st July 2019 Third beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 4 19A512f 16th July 2019 Fourth beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 5 19A526h August 1, 2019 Fifth beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 6 19A536g 19th August 2019 Sixth beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 7 19A546d August 28, 2019 Seventh beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 8 19A558d September 10, 2019 Eighth beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 9 19A573a 23 September 2019 Ninth beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 Beta 10 19A578c September 30, 2019 Tenth beta version
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 GM 19A582a 3rd October 2019 Golden Master , largely identical to the October 7th release
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15 19A583 October 7, 2019 First published version
19A602 15th October 2019 Supplementary update
19A603 October 21, 2019 2. Additional update
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15.1 19B88 October 29, 2019 Bug fixes, security updates, 70+ new emojis, AirPods Pro support
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15.2 19C57 19.2.0 December 10, 2019 Bug fixes, security updates
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15.3 19D76 19.3.0 January 28, 2020 Bug fixes, security updates
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15.4 19E266 19.4.0 March 24, 2020 Bug fixes, security updates
19E287 April 8, 2020 Supplementary update
Older version; no longer supported: 10.15.5 19F96 19.5.0 May 26, 2020 Security updates and with new functionality (battery status management in Mac notebooks)
19F101 June 01, 2020 Supplementary update, security updates
Current version: 10.15.6 19G73 19.6.0 15th July 2020 Supplementary update, security updates
Legend:
Older version; no longer supported
Older version; still supported
Current version
Current preliminary version
Future version

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ support.apple.com .
  2. ↑ July Clover: Apple Releases macOS Catalina With Find My, Screen Time, and No More iTunes. Retrieved October 7, 2019 .
  3. ↑ a b Ben Schwan: Catalina: Apple closes macOS. In: Heise online . June 11, 2019 . Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  4. ↑ Deprecated Kernel Extensions and System Extension Alternatives. Apple, archived from the original on March 19, 2020 ; accessed on March 19, 2020 .
  5. ↑ System Extensions and DriverKit. Apple, archived from the original on October 14, 2019 .;
  6. ↑ Leo Becker: Kernel Extensions in macOS: Apple heralds the end. In: Heise online . February 10, 2020 . Retrieved March 4, 2020 .; Quote: "The new" System Extensions "should gradually replace classic kernel extensions. You can no longer intervene so deeply in the system: Instead of running in the kernel space, the system extensions run in the user space. "
  7. ↑ Ben Schwan: macOS Catalina: Apple relies on zsh. In: Heise online . 5th June 2019 . Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  8. ↑ Bryan M. Wolfe: 5 features coming to macOS 10.15 Catalina you may have missed. In: iMore. June 5, 2019, accessed June 6, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Tom Warren: Apple unveils macOS Catalina with iPad apps, new Apple Music app, and more. In: The Verge . June 3, 2019, accessed June 3, 2019 .
  10. ↑ a b Ben Schwan: macOS 10.15: Dashboard gone, Aperture killed, Carbon and QuickTime dead. In: Heise online . 2nd May 2019 . Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  11. ↑ Leo Becker: 64-bit transition from macOS: QuickTime 7 before the end. In: Heise online . April 13, 2019 . Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  12. ↑ Aperture will no longer run with the new macOS. MacLife, April 30, 2019, accessed September 25, 2019 .
  13. ↑ Ben Schwan: macOS: Dashboard says goodbye after 14 years. In: Heise online . June 14, 2019 . Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  14. ↑ Apple Releases Fifth Beta of macOS Catalina 10.15 (19A526h) Beta 5. Mr. Macintosh, August 1, 2019, accessed on March 1, 2020 .
  15. ↑ Leo Becker: Apple wants to remove certain script languages ​​from macOS. In: Heise online . June 6, 2019 . Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  16. ↑ 32-bit app compatibility with macOS High Sierra 10.13.4 and later. In: support.apple.com. Apple, November 15, 2019, accessed March 19, 2020 .
  17. ↑ Ben Schwan: Report: macOS kernel retains 32-bit support. In: Heise.de. February 14, 2020, accessed March 19, 2020 .
  18. ↑ Ben Schwan: Internal list: Apple considers 235 apps to be incompatible with Catalina. In: Heise online . 5th August 2019 . Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  19. ↑ a b Ben Schwan: macOS 10.15 Catalina: Problems with older software. In: Heise online . October 8, 2019 . Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  20. ↑ Steam and macOS 10.15 Catalina. In: Knowledge Base. Valve Corporation, 2017, accessed February 28, 2020 .
  21. ↑ Ben Schwan: Apple Mail under Catalina can lose data when upgrading. In: Heise online . October 14, 2019 . Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  22. ↑ tr: Catalina installation makes Macs unusable: More and more users are reporting. In: MacTechNews. October 24, 2019, accessed March 19, 2020 .
  23. ↑ Apple: macOS Catalina Preview. June 3, 2019, accessed June 4, 2019 .
  24. ↑ Stefan Rechsteiner: Apple distributes the first betas for iOS 13, watchOS 6, tvOS 13 and macOS 10.15 "Catalina". In: macprime. June 5, 2019, accessed June 6, 2019 .
  25. ↑ Andreas Floemer: Apple publishes first public beta of macOS 10.15 Catalina. In: t3n. June 26, 2019, accessed November 2, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Paul Horowitz: MacOS Catalina 10.15 Golden Master Released. In: http://osxdaily.com/ . October 3, 2019, accessed November 2, 2019 .
  27. ↑ Information on the security content of macOS Catalina 10.15 at Apple. In: support.apple.com. Apple Inc., October 7, 2019, accessed January 14, 2012 .
  28. ↑ Information on the security content of macOS Catalina 10.15.1. In: Apple. November 18, 2019, accessed December 11, 2019 .
  29. ↑ Information on the security content of macOS Catalina 10.15.2. In: Apple. December 10, 2019, accessed January 14, 2020 .
  30. ↑ Information on the security content of macOS Catalina 10.15.3. In: Apple. January 28, 2020, accessed February 4, 2020 .
  31. ↑ Information on the security content of macOS Catalina 10.15.4. In: Apple. March 24, 2020, accessed March 26, 2020 .
  32. ↑ Information on the security content of macOS Catalina 10.15.5. In: Apple. May 26, 2020, accessed May 28, 2020 .
  33. ^ What's new in the updates for macOS Catalina. In: Apple. May 26, 2020, accessed May 27, 2020 . ,
    Information about battery health management in Mac notebooks. In: Apple. support.apple.com, May 27, 2020, accessed May 27, 2020 .
  34. ↑ Additional update released for macOS Catalina 10.15.5. In: Cashy's blog. June 1, 2020, accessed June 1, 2020 .
  35. ↑ "macOS Catalina 10.15.6" update. Retrieved July 23, 2020 .
macOS and its evolution
Mac OS "Classic" 

Macintosh System Software (up to 5.1)  ·  System 6  ·  System 7 ,  Mac OS 7.6 ·  Mac OS 8  ·  Mac OS 9

NeXTSTEP /
OPENSTEP  ↳ Rhapsody
 

NeXTStep / NeXTSTEP / NEXTSTEP (up to 3.3)  ·  OPENSTEP (4.0–4.2)  ·  Rhapsody 1.0 (internal 5.0–5.2)  ·  Mac OS X Server 1.x (internal 5.3–5.6)

↳   Mac OS X /
OS X / macOS  
based on Darwin 

Mac OS X   Public Beta (“Kodiak”)  ·  Mac OS X 10.0 (“Cheetah”)  ·  10.1 (“Puma”)  ·  10.2 (“Jaguar”)  ·  Panther (10.3)  ·  Tiger (10.4)  ·  Leopard (10.5)  ·  Snow Leopard (10.6)  ·  Lion (10.7)  ·  OS X Mountain Lion (10.8)  ·  Mavericks (10.9)  ·  Yosemite (10.10)  ·  El Capitan (10.11)  ·  macOS Sierra (10/12)  ·  high Sierra (10/13)  ·  Mojave (10:14 )  ·  Catalina (15/10)  ·  Big Sur (11.0)     Up to version 10.6 there was Mac OS X Server .

macOS derivatives 

iOS (2007)  ·  TVOS (2007)  ·  watchOS (2015)  ·  audioOS (2018)  ·  iPadOS (2019)

Other historical Mac operating system projects from Apple
marketed: A / UX , MAE , MkLinux ; discarded: Star Trek , Taligent , Copland ;