Martinskirche (Dautphe)

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Church from the southwest

The Evangelical-Lutheran Martinskirche in Dautphe , a district of the municipality of Dautphetal in the Marburg-Biedenkopf district ( Hesse ), is a listed church building that consists of three structures. The hall church was built in the 11th century, a western extension, the so-called Wendelstein, was added in the 12th century, and an eastern choir tower was added at the end of the 13th century . The roof dated according to dendrochronological studies dating back to 1088 is the oldest in Germany and one of the oldest in Europe.

history

Windowless Wendelstein with herringbone bond

The place Dautphe was first mentioned in the Lorsch Codex in the year 791 and is to be regarded as the center of the Heidenmission in the Hessian hinterland . A (wooden) church is likely to be the seat of the central court . The stone church was built around 1100 and expanded in the 12th century on the west side by a separate, windowless structure, which was only accessible through the single-nave hall or perhaps only via ladders through small access hatches. The function of the Wendelstein is not clear. It may have served as a place of refuge or defense or as a substructure for a planned or destroyed west tower. The east tower was built around 1275 as a replacement for the abandoned tower in the west. The church was dedicated to St. Martin , the Merovingian-Franconian national saint, who is depicted on the seal of the pleban Konrad in 1279 . In the Middle Ages, Dautphe was the seat of the sending court and the independent parish belonged to the Archdiakonat St. Stephan in the Archdiocese of Mainz .

After the parishes of Buchenau (1265) and Eckelshausen (1350) were separated, 15 villages still belonged to the Dautpher parish. With the introduction of the Reformation , Dautphe changed to the evangelical confession in 1526 and was assigned to the superintendent Marburg, established in 1530, under the first superintendent Adam Krafft . Albanus Nepotianus (Enckel) was the first Lutheran pastor to work in Dautphe from 1529 to 1535. In the course of the conversion into a sermon church, circumferential galleries were built in 1543, which were entered from the north side (today a barred window). In 1577 the deanery Biedenkopf was formed. Under the new Landgrave Moritz (Hessen-Kassel) , Dautphe accepted the Reformed Confession from 1606 to 1627.

When the choir was renovated in 1757, the baptismal font and one of the altars were removed and the floor was covered with sandstone slabs. The west gallery received further parapet pictures with depictions of the apostles . The wooden spire with the bells from 1635 fell victim to a lightning strike on the night of April 23rd to 24th, 1824; the masonry received large cracks, so that the tower shaft was only preserved up to half its height and received a new tower spire. The work on the tower took more than three years.

During the Second World War, a bomb dropped on March 16, 1945 damaged the organ and destroyed the windows and interior plaster, including the medieval wall paintings. In 1959/60 the interior and exterior were renovated under the direction of Friedrich Bleibaum . Following his idea, the ship was given a wooden barrel with a keel arch, which, on the one hand, took up the shape of the choir arch and, on the other hand, made the Romanesque roof structure visible in the west. The choir loft for the parish family and the south pore in the nave with its baroque plank dock were demolished without replacement. When the west gallery was extended and the parapet was redesigned, the construction from 1543 with the square bars was exposed. The baroque parapet paintings were removed and a few wooden sun gears from Obereisenhausen were installed instead . Erhardt Klonk designed the tracery windows with stained glass windows. They show the Pentecost event and the parable of the wise and foolish virgins . A portal and two windows were broken into the Wendelstein. Since then, two entrances and a newly broken door have provided access to the galleries. The flat ceiling was replaced by a keel arch ceiling . In 2006 the roof structure was renovated, which had suffered in terms of statics due to the diagonal beams that were removed in 1959. The restored gallery pictures of the west gallery were given a new place on the west wall under the gallery in 2008 after they had been stored in the cellar for half a century.

architecture

South portal with tympanum with St. Martin
Layout
Eastern choir tower

The east-facing church is built on a slight rise of quarry stone masonry . The window and portal frames are in stone , as are the corners from which profiled corbels protrude. The church stands on a cemetery area that was occupied until 1816 and is enclosed by a large churchyard wall.

The hall church with its slate gable roof still has a few small arched windows from the Romanesque period in the upper storey . The walls of the nave and the western part are largely listed in the herringbone bond, which suggests that it was built in the 12th century. Gothic pointed arched windows with tracery and rectangular, baroque windows illuminate the space, which is accessed through a north and south portal. A round- arched tympanum from 1959/1960 is embedded above the round-arched south portal with smooth walls , which depicts St. Shows Martin on a horse who cuts his cloak with a sword and shares it with a beggar. A medieval depiction served as a master copy.

The roof structure of the Martinskirche is the oldest in Germany. For the oldest oak beam, the felling date was dendrochronologically proven to be winter 1087/1088. Since the freshly cut wood was used directly at the time, it can be concluded that the roof stalls were erected in 1088.

The western part of the same width is separated from the ship by vertical construction joints, but united under one roof. In 1960 an ogival portal was broken into on the west side and two very small ogive windows above it, both with smooth red sandstone cladding. In the same year, today's passage to Wendelstein was designed and the two galleries were built. Until then, a simple wooden door marked 1534 connected the ship to the Wendelstein in a coarse, ogival opening.

The east, solidly bricked choir tower from the early Gothic period is slightly drawn in opposite the nave. The tower goes back to the influence of the Marburger Bauhütte. The west wall to the ship is 1.83 meters thick, the outer walls 1.75 meters. Above the roof of the ship, the west wall is slated. The Romanesque arched portal on the south side served as access for the priest in medieval times. A tympanum in the shape of a cloverleaf, which is decorated with lilies, is attached above the cloister with a corner rod. Large tracery windows from the early Gothic period provide the choir with light. The eastern choir window has round bars with plinths and small capitals that end in two pointed arches. In the upper part of the window, two noses flank a circle with a three-pass . The north and south windows are simpler and partly destroyed. An early Gothic piscina is preserved in the south wall in a square niche with a high, pointed arch and a sacrament niche in the north wall. The choir is vaulted (probably since the middle of the 15th century) and the keystone is covered with a head, which is surrounded by eight leaves, depicting Christ as the tree of life. The corner services of the ribbed vault are partly destroyed. A pointed triumphal arch with a profiled warrior cornice connects the Gothic chancel with the nave. Four trapezoidal, flat monopitch roofs lead over to a small, eight-sided bell chamber, which is crowned by a pointed helmet. Originally the tower shaft was provided with four small turrets.

Furnishing

Interior to the east
Renaissance pulpit from 1631

The interior of the ship is closed off by a wooden barrel with a keel that was pulled in in 1959/60. Previously, the flat slab rested on a longitudinal girder supported by two oak posts. The beams of the Romanesque roof structure are recognizable as St. Andrew's crosses in the western part . The oak north and west gallery was built in 1543. A flat carved eagle is depicted on a western foot strut, the motif of which serves as the municipality's coat of arms. While the north gallery with its square bars has been preserved in its original state, in 1959 parapet parts of a gallery from Obereisenhausen were added to the west gallery. It dates from 1625 and has carved posts and half rosettes. The parapet paintings of the demolished choir loft from the Baroque era were hung as individual images on the north wall of the nave under the loft. They show Christ and the apostles. The restored depictions of the twelve apostles have been hanging under the west gallery since 2008 in four groups of three, which were formerly used as parapets.

The oldest piece of furniture is the Romanesque font, which has been in the Wendelstein since 2003. On the southern long side, a baphomet is attached from ancient times , which symbolizes the continued existence of pagan belief. In 1959/1960 the walled up altar bar was replaced by a wooden table altar and the old box stalls with massive cheeks from the 16th century were replaced by new benches. In some of the benches under the west gallery, the remains of the old curved bench cheeks have been integrated with buttons. The altar cross with body was probably made around 1627 when the church became Lutheran again. In 1631, the carpenter Wilhelm Miller (Müller) from Dautphe created the polygonal pulpit, richly decorated with inlays , in the style of the Renaissance . The sound cover bears the inscription “I have made you a watchman” ( Ez 3,17a  LUT ). The flat-carved structures are decorated with angel heads. An eight-sided wooden font was created in the early 1960s. On the sides are the evangelist symbols and the Bible word from Lk 19,10  LUT . The baptismal lid is decorated with the figure of the Good Shepherd .

organ

Euler-Böttner organ

A first baroque organ was installed in the choir gallery in 1685 and repaired by Johann Christian Rindt in 1715 . In 1780 the organ had eight stops on a manual without a pedal . When a lightning strike led to the destruction of the tower's pointed helmet in 1823, the organ was also damaged. A repair in 1834/1835 by the organ builder Küthe from Battenberg remained unsatisfactory. In 1890 it was replaced by a romantic work by the Bernhard brothers with eleven stops on mechanical cone chests, which was placed as an altar organ on a gallery above the altar. After this organ could only be used to a limited extent due to war damage, Friedrich Euler (Hofgeismar) built the third organ, initially with 17 stops and a total of 1450 pipes, for 38,000 DM, which was inaugurated on December 10, 1961. Two more registers were prepared for expansion and were added later. Wolfgang Böttner (Frankenberg) rebuilt the organ in 1985/1986 and expanded it to 22 registers, which are divided between two manuals and a pedal. Overall, the instrument, which is set up at ground level behind the altar, has over 1558 pipes behind a free pipe prospect.

I Hauptwerk C – g 3
Pommer 16 ′
Praestant 8th'
Far principal 8th'
Gemshorn 8th'
octave 4 ′
Reed flute 4 ′
Forest flute 2 ′
Mixture IV 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′
Trumpet 8th'
II substation C – g 3
Dumped 8th'
Salicional 8th'
Pointed flute 4 ′
Principal 2 ′
Terzian II 1 3 ⁄ 5  ′
Scharff IV 1'
Rohrschalmei 8th'
Tremulant
Pedal C – f 1
Sub-bass 16 ′
Fifth bass 10 2 ⁄ 3  ′
Principal bass 8th'
Octave bass 4 ′
Cornet IV 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
bassoon 16 ′

Bells

The church has a triple bell made of bronze, which replaces the previous steel bells. The three bells by Johann and Mathias Heelings von Wilbersfurth from 1635 were destroyed by the lightning strike in 1824. Of the newly acquired bells, the two larger ones had to be given to the armaments industry in 1917. In 1925 a new triple bell is cast. The little bell bears the inscription “Come to me, all of you who are troublesome and burdened, I will refresh you” ( Mt 11:28  LUT ). In 1943 the two larger bells were returned and replaced in 1950. The large one bears the inscription “O land, land, land, hear the word of the Lord. Jeremiah 22:29 ”and the inscription in the middle“ Watch and pray that you do not enter into temptation. Matthew 26:41 ”.

literature

  • Günter E. Th. Bezzenberger: Worth seeing churches in the church areas of Hesse and Nassau and Kurhessen-Waldeck, including the Rhine-Hessian church districts of Wetzlar and Braunfels. Evangelical Press Association, Kassel 1987, p. 71 f.
  • Reiner Braun: The Martinskirche in Dautphe. A walk through space and time. Evangelical Lutheran Church Congregation Dautphe, Dautphetal 2011 ( online ).
  • Folkhard Cremer (Red.): Dehio-Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Hessen I: Gießen and Kassel administrative districts. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-422-03092-3 , p. 159 f.
  • Hans Feldtkeller (arrangement): The architectural and art monuments of the Biedenkopf district. Eduard Roether, Darmstadt 1958.
  • Karl Herbert: The Protestant Church in the Biedenkopf district. In: Hessen - People and Space - The Biedenkopf district. Verlag Moderne Gemeinde, Offenbach / Main 1965, p. 223 f.
  • Karl Huth : Dautphe. Heart of a historical cultural landscape . Ed .: Parish council of the parish of Dautphe. Dautphe 1973, DNB  861041690 , p. 137-152 .
  • Ferdinand Luthmer (edit.): The architectural and art monuments of the districts of Biedenkopf, Dill, Oberwesterwald and Westerburg. Heinrich Keller, Frankfurt am Main 1910, pp. 23-26 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Martinskirche  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Feldtkeller (arrangement): The architectural and art monuments of the Biedenkopf district. 1958.
  2. ↑ a b ekhn.de Sensational find: Dautphe has the oldest roof stalls in Germany (news from November 14, 2014).
  3. ↑ Huth: Dautphe. Heart of a historical cultural landscape 1973, p. 16, 141f.
  4. ↑ a b Chronicle of the Dautphe parish , p. 8.
  5. ^ Bezzenberger: churches worth seeing. 1987, p. 71.
  6. ↑ Dehio Handbook of German Art Monuments, Hesse I . 2008, p. 159.
  7. ↑ Reiner Braun: Die Martinskirche in Dautphe , p. 5, accessed on July 22, 2020.
  8. ↑ Huth: Dautphe. Heart of a historical cultural landscape 1973, p. 152.
  9. ^ Karl Herbert: The Protestant Church in the Biedenkopf district. 1965, p. 223.
  10. ↑ Chronicle of the parish of Dautphe , p. 7.
  11. ↑ a b Huth: Dautphe. Heart of a historical cultural landscape 1973, p. 144.
  12. ↑ Reiner Braun: Die Martinskirche in Dautphe , p. 16, accessed on July 22, 2020.
  13. ↑ Reiner Braun: Die Martinskirche in Dautphe , p. 12, accessed on July 22, 2020.
  14. ↑ a b Chronicle of the Dautphe parish , p. 5.
  15. ↑ Luthmer (edit.): The architectural and art monuments of the Biedenkopf district. 1910, p. 24 ( online ).
  16. ↑ Reiner Braun: Die Martinskirche in Dautphe , p. 3, accessed on July 22, 2020.
  17. ↑ a b Luthmer (arr.): The architectural and art monuments of the Biedenkopf district. 1910, p. 25 ( online ).
  18. ↑ Reiner Braun: Die Martinskirche in Dautphe , p. 10, accessed on July 22, 2020.
  19. ↑ a b Huth: Dautphe. Heart of a historical cultural landscape 1973, p. 143.
  20. ↑ Huth: Dautphe. Heart of a historical cultural landscape 1973, p. 142.
  21. ↑ a b Dehio Handbook of German Art Monuments, Hesse I . 2008, p. 160.
  22. ↑ Dieter Schneider: The organs in the Martinskirche in Dautphe. In: Hinterland history sheets. Vol. 68, No. 4, 1989, p. 27 f.
  23. ^ Franz Bösken: Sources and research on the organ history of the Middle Rhine. Vol. 2: The area of ​​the former administrative district Wiesbaden (=  contributions to the Middle Rhine music history 7.1 . Part 1 (A – K)). Schott, Mainz 1975, ISBN 3-7957-1307-2 , p. 112 f .
  24. ↑ Organ in Dautphe , as seen on July 29, 2016.

Coordinates: 50 ° 51 ′ 28 ″  N , 8 ° 32 ′ 30 ″  E