Max Kuczynski

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Max Kuczynski (1928)

Max Kuczynski (full name: Max Hans Kuczynski; born February 2, 1890 in Berlin , † 1967 in Lima ) was a German bacteriologist and pathologist . As a university professor in Berlin, he turned to anthropology . As an emigrant in Peru , he paved the way for “ethnic pathology”.

Life

Max Kuczynski came from a Jewish family in the province of Posen . His parents were Louis Kuczynski and Emma Kuczynski nee Schlesinger. He studied natural sciences and medicine at the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin and the University of Rostock (1912/13). In 1912 he married Lotte Henriette ready for duty. In Rostock he was in 1913 with a scientific dissertation on trichomonas to Dr. phil. PhD . In the army of the German Empire he took part in the fighting in the Balkans during the First World War.

As a student of Otto Lubarsch he was in 1919 at the Charité with a dissertation on rickettsial the typhus also to Dr. med. PhD. In 1921 he completed his habilitation and was appointed director of the department for bacteriology at the Institute for Pathology at the Charité. After another two years as a lecturer , he was in 1923 associate professor . In 1924 he was appointed to the board of directors of the Institute for Pathology at the Charité and became a full professor .

Kuczynski was fascinated by the connection between the living environment and human diseases. As early as 1919, in a letter to Ernst Pringsheim, he suggested developing a “synthetic pathology”. To do this, he wanted to examine populations that were ethnically as homogeneous as possible and had not yet been captured by the cultural and social change of modernity. Since the isolation of Germany after the First World War prevented him from studying in overseas colonies, the Soviet Union remained as the country in which he could conduct field research. In 1923/1924 he took over a guest professorship for general pathology at the West Siberian Medical Institute in Omsk . Accompanied by a Latvian and a Kyrgyz student, he traveled to Central Asia around Altai , Lake Balkhash and Irtysh in 1924 . In Moscow he completed his work with investigations into the spread of epidemics , then he returned to Berlin. In 1932 he moved from the Pathological Institute of the Charité to the newly established Neurological Institute.

During the National Socialist era , he was retired at the age of 43 in November 1933 under the law to restore the civil service . The University of Berlin lost over 35% of its teaching staff in 1933/34 to the Nazi "purges". Kuczynski did not wait to be released, but left Germany in the summer of 1933. He reached Peru via France , Switzerland and Caracas . In 1935 he married his second wife, Madeleine Godard, an aunt of Jean-Luc Godard . From then on he called himself Máxime Kuczynski-Godard .

In Peru, Kuczynski worked from 1938 at the Institute for Social Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos . In the same year he survived a self- experiment with Bartonella bacilliformis . A similar self- experiment was fatal for the Peruvian national hero Daniel Alcides Carrión in 1885 . Later Kuczynski worked for the Ministry of Health in Amazonia and partly for the Ministry of Economics in the Andes until 1948 . His anthropological research on the indigenous peoples of South America was groundbreaking.

In 1941, by chance, Kuczynski met Hans Löhr, who was working as a gold panner in the Amazon after a failed expedition, and helped him to get a job at the San Pablo leprosy station . ( Location ) This meant that the stranded Löhr was able to work on the station as head of the workshops from January 1, 1942 to January 30, 1949 and was responsible for a wide range of work there: “Metal turning, construction of wooden ships, industrial and sanitary installations (including design of structures), repair of engines, management of tractors and barracks architecture ”.

Kuczynski's son Pedro Pablo Kuczynski , born in 1938, served as Prime Minister of Peru in 2005/2006 and as President of Peru from 2016 to 2018 .

Private library

Ernst Haeckel's work Principles of the General Morphology of Organisms (Berlin 1906) was found in Max Hans Kuczynski's private library in the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart . Kuczynski marked this book with a stamp and a personal entry from 1912. Most likely, this book was illegally confiscated after Kuczynski's emigration. Another stamp indicates that the Educator Academy of the Adolf Hitler Schools was the previous owner. The book was returned or restituted to Kuczynski's two sons, Pedro Pablo and Miguel, by the German Embassy in Lima on September 10, 2018.

Fonts (selection)

  • with Martin Levinthal and Erich Wolf: epidemiology, etiology, pathomorphology and pathogenesis of the flu . JF Bergmann-Verlag, Munich 1921 (deals in particular with the Spanish flu pandemic from 1918 to 1920).
  • New medical tasks in the new Russia . In: The New Russia. Journal for culture, economics and literature , published by the Society of Friends of New Russia in Germany, Issue 7/8 (1924), pp. 25-26.
  • with Xenia Kopylowa: On the physical changes in old age . S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1925.
  • Steppe and man. Kyrgyz travel impressions and reflections on life, culture and illness in their contexts . S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1925.
  • Medical impressions and reflections following a second medical study trip to Central Asia . In: Klinische Wochenschrift , Vol. 5 (1926), pp. 370–373 and 422–425.
  • The causative agents of typhus and rock fever. Biological and pathogenetic studies . Springer, Berlin 1927.
  • with Bianca Hohenadel: The causative agent of yellow fever. Essence and effect . Springer, Berlin 1929.
  • En orden al potencial humano del Peru. Observaciones y reflexiones . In: Comisión Ejecutiva del Inventario del Potencial Económico de la Nación (ed.): Estudios e investigaciones realizados por la Comisión Ejecutiva del Inventario del Potencial Económico de la Nación . Lima 1949/1950, Vol. 2. pp. 1-107.
  • La colonia del Perené y sus problemas medico sociales. Memoria . Ediciones La Reforma Medica, Universidad de San Marcos, Instituto de Medicina Social, Lima 1939, 3 volumes.
  • La vida en la Amazonia peruana. Observaciones de un médico . Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima 2004, ISBN 9972-46-254-4 .
  • Los andes peruanos. Ilave - Ichupampa - Lauramarca - Iguaín. Investigaciones andinas (in the Clásicos Sanmarquinos series ). Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Lima 2004, ISBN 9972-46-270-6 .

literature

  • Marcos Cueto: Un médico alemán en los Andes: La visión médico-social de Maxime Kuczynski-Godard . In: Allpanchis. Revista del Instituto de Pastoral Andina , ISSN  0252-8835 , vol. 32 (2000), special issue 56: Sanos, enfermos y salvos? , Pp. 39-74.
  • Michael Knipper : "Nuevas tareas médicas en la nueva Rusia" (1924). The vision of "étnica patología" y medicina científica de Max Kuczynski en los años anteriores a su emigración al Perú . In: Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , ISSN  1025-5583 , vol. 66 (2005). Pp. 247-254.
  • Michael Knipper, Oswaldo Salaverry: M. Kuczynski-Godard (1890–1967) - Fotografías médico-antropológicas de la Amazonía y de los Andes peruanos, 1938–1948 . In: Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública , Vol. 27 (2010), pp. 146-150.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ From: Illustrierte Zeitung , No. 4369 of December 6, 1928, p. 879.
  2. ^ Amazonia as a social medicine laboratory. The Berlin emigrant Max Kuczynski (1890–1967) in Peru . Unpublished lecture by Michael Knipper at the 87th Annual Meeting of the German Society for the History of Medicine, Science and Technology on September 25, 2004.
  3. ↑ Hans H. Lembke: The black sheep at the Gradenwitz and Kuczynski. Two Berlin families in the 19th and 20th centuries . Trafo, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89626-728-3 , p. 172.
  4. ↑ Entry in the Rostock matriculation portal
  5. ↑ Max Hans Kuczynski: Investigations on Trichomonaden . In: Archiv für Protistenkunde , Fischer, Jena, Vol. 33 (1914), pp. 119–204.
  6. ↑ Max Hans Kuczynski: Further histological-bacteriological findings in typhus. Evidence of Rickettsia Prowazeki in vascular nodules in humans . In: Centralblatt für Allgemeine Pathologie , Fischer, Jena, Vol. 30 (1919), pp. 193-202.
  7. ↑ a b Michael Knipper: “Nuevas tareas médicas en la nueva Rusia” (1924). The vision of "étnica patología" y medicina científica de Max Kuczynski en los años anteriores a su emigración al Perú . In: Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , vol. 66 (2005), pp. 247-254, here p. 248.
  8. ↑ Michael Knipper: "Nuevas tareas médicas en la nueva Rusia" (1924). The vision of "étnica patología" y medicina científica de Max Kuczynski en los años anteriores a su emigración al Perú . In: Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , vol. 66 (2005), pp. 247-254, here p. 249.
  9. ^ Matthias Heeke: Journeys to the Soviets. Foreign tourism in Russia 1921–1941. With a bio-bibliographical appendix to 96 German travel authors . Lit Verlag, Münster 2003, ISBN 3-8258-5692-5 , p. 595.
  10. ↑ Cay-Rüdiger Prüll: Medicine on the dead or on the living? Pathology in Berlin and London, 1900–1945 . Schwabe, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-7965-1931-8 , pp. 236-237.
  11. ↑ Sven Kinas: mass layoffs and emigration . In: Michael Grüttner u. a .: The Berlin University between the world wars 1918–1945 . Berlin 2012 (= History of the University of Unter den Linden , Vol. 2), p. 386.
  12. ↑ a b Michael Knipper: “Nuevas tareas médicas en la nueva Rusia” (1924). The vision of "étnica patología" y medicina científica de Max Kuczynski en los años anteriores a su emigración al Perú . In: Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , vol. 66 (2005), pp. 247-254, here p. 252.
  13. ↑ zuno Burstein: Maxime Kuczynski-Godard, un pionero de la Salud Pública . In: Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica , vol. 20 (2003), p. 231.
  14. ^ Lawrence K. Altman: Who Goes First? The Story of Self-Experimentation in Medicine . University of California Press, Berkeley 1987, ISBN 0-520-21281-9 , p. 4.
  15. ^ Albert Erhardt: Infections , Vol. I (= supplement to the manual of experimental pharmacology , founded by Arthur Heffter , edited by Oskar Eichler , Vol. 16: Creation of disease states through the experiment , part 9). Springer, Berlin 1964, p. 118.
  16. ^ Marcos Cueto: Un médico alemán en los Andes: La visión médico-social de Maxime Kuczynski-Godard . In: Allpanchis , vol. 32 (2000), special issue 56: Sanos, enfermos y salvos? , Pp. 39-74.
  17. ^ Antropología y "Crisis de la Medicina". El patólogo M. Kuczynski-Godard (1890–1967) y las poblaciones nativas en Asia Central y Perú . In: Dynamis. Acta Hispanica ad medicinae scientiarumque historiam illustrandam , ISSN  0211-9536 , Vol. 29 (2009), pp. 97-121.
  18. ^ (Translated) certificate from the Ministerio de Salud y Asistencia Social of August 20, 1951, in: Günter Wiemann, Hans Löhr and Hans Koch - political hikes , Vitamine-Verlag, Braunschweig, 2011, ISBN 978-3-00-033763-5 , P. 130
personal data
SURNAME Kuczynski, Max
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kuczynski, Max Hans (full name); Kuczynski-Godard, Máxime
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-Peruvian anthropologist
DATE OF BIRTH February 2, 1890
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin
DATE OF DEATH 1967
Place of death Lima