Media integration

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The term media integration describes the role of the mass media in the integration of ethnic minorities into the majority society - into the media produced public and into the media system ( media production ). The term was used by the German sociologist Rainer Geißler in the course of the project " Media Integration of Ethnic Minorities in Germany , the USA and Canada " of the German Research Foundation in the scientific discourse and has been discussed in numerous publications, at panel discussions and scientific conferences.

Starting position

The change from ethnically relatively homogeneous to ethnically diverse societies is a hallmark of internationalization , globalization and modernization . The highly developed industrial nations of the north-western hemisphere have a low birth rate of the local population and a resulting need for immigration. In the course of time, many European countries have developed into immigration countries and have to cope with the challenge of the social integration of immigrants .

The media systems in nation states have also changed over time as a result of immigration . In addition to the dominant mainstream media of the majority society , ethnic groups produce their own media , so-called ethnomedia - often in their mother tongue or in two languages. This development leads to a differentiation of the public into an ethnically diverse public. In addition to the majority public, there are more and more smaller ethnic groups.

For years, Rainer Geißler has been dealing intensively with the role of the mass media in the integration process of immigrants and has illustrated their functions in the model of media integration.

Typology

According to Geißler, there are three forms of media integration of ethnic minorities:

  1. Media segregation means that members of ethnic groups primarily receive ethnic media or media from their home countries (foreign media), and that this creates sub-publics that hardly use the media of the majority society. The foreign media inform the members of the ethnic groups about the news from home and only little about the majority society. In extreme cases, the immigrant people are not given any guidance on how to cope with integration problems in the host society. Majorities and minorities are separated from each other by their media use . This situation is also known as the "media ghetto".
  2. Assimilative media integration means that ethnic minorities are institutionally integrated in the media system by taking on functions in the media operations of the majority media, such as B. as journalists , reporters , moderators , publishers , but are unable to bring their ethno-specific problems and interests into the discourse. They have completely adapted to the media culture of the host country. There are no ethnic sub-publics.
  3. Intercultural media integration describes the middle ground between media segregation and the assimilative model. Majorities and minorities are interlinked through intercultural communication . This means the following for media production , media content and media usage:
  • Media production : The ethnic groups are represented as proportionally as possible in the editorial offices of the majority media and are not fully culturally adapted. They represent the interests , perspectives and points of view of their ethnic group. You actively participate in the pluralistic democratic public. Ethno media bring the ethno dimension into the pluralistic media landscape, which is accepted on an equal footing alongside other dimensions such as gender, religion, age or interests.
  • Media content : The representation of ethnic minorities in the majority media is based on the awareness of the dependency of the majority society and ethnic groups. They highlight the necessity of immigration and the benefits immigrants can bring to social development. At the same time, they point out the need for socio-structural and intercultural integration. They strive to use non-discriminatory language and take into account the problems and concerns of ethnic groups in their content by letting them have their say. Ethnic media provide information about the specific situation and problems of the ethnic group in the host country. They are seen as a necessary addition to mainstream media that cannot perform this particular function.
  • Media use : The appropriate presentation of ethnic groups in the majority media is of great importance for intercultural communication. It is equally important that immigrants also use the media of the majority society. The ethnomedia alone is not able to provide comprehensive information about what is happening in the host society.

Obstacles

In the German-speaking countries, the scientific findings show the following barriers to the media integration of ethnic groups:

  • Negatively distorted, stereotypical reporting on ethnic minorities : Empirical studies show that migrants are mostly portrayed as a problem and threat to the majority society - in connection with crime , growing social costs, with (illegally) receiving social benefits, with job problems, with religious or cultural conflicts, with language deficits and educational problems, with disputes in residential buildings. Again and again would metaphors of the threat as "flood", "Storm", "wave" or "avalanche" used and stereotypes served. The main reason for this lies in the efforts of media companies to gain as much attention as possible through their reports. The conflicting, critical and negative events come to the fore and favor the negative portrayal of immigrants. These facts tend to hinder the differentiated and enlightening presentation of the complex immigration issue. In addition, journalism in German-speaking countries lacks in-depth training on the topic of diversity skills , often the time required for precise and comprehensive research and contacts with the individual ethnic groups. This leads to unbalanced reports in which members of the majority society often report on the minorities without them having their own say. Communication research has so far focused primarily on research into the representation of immigrants in the news of the majority media. However, some scholars, such as Sabine Schiffer and Andreas Dörner , are of the opinion that the media integration of immigrants takes place primarily through the entertainment formats .
  • Lack of ethnic diversity in media outlets : The proportion of journalists with a migration background (as of 2010) is 0.5 percent in Austria, 1 percent in Germany and around 5 percent in Switzerland . While corporate social responsibility , diversity management and gender mainstreaming have long been key issues in non-media industries, most media companies in German-speaking countries don't even pay lip service to them. The situation is different in the USA : There, the American Society of News Editor agreed in 1978 on a voluntary quota of migrants in the media. The so-called newsroom census is collected annually in order to make the internal diversity in American media outlets visible. The state promotes training opportunities for journalists from ethnic minorities ( minority journalists ). The Robert C. Maynard Institute for Journalism Education and the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation are particularly well-known as educational institutions.
  • Language barriers : Working in an editorial office requires excellent written and spoken language skills. Scientific studies show that people with a migration background often lack the courage to apply in the media industry. In addition, the HR departments of mainstream media are not very committed to finding multilingual staff with intercultural skills.

Organizations

The following organizations are committed to improving the media integration of ethnic minorities:

Research groups

The following research groups deal with the subject area "Immigration, Media and Media Integration":

Diversity toolkit

The Fundamental Rights Agency and the European Broadcasting Union , in 2008 for the media a diversity toolkit for Media - developed English in order to promote, among others, the reasonable and non-discriminatory representation of ethnic minorities.

Web links

literature

  • Christoph Butterwegge / Gudrun Hentges (2006): Mass media, migration and integration: Challenges for journalism and political education . Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, ISBN 978-3-531-35047-9
  • Rainer Geißler (2000): Better presentation through representation . In: Heribert Schatz / Christina Holtz-Bacha / Jörg Uwe Nieland (eds.): Migrants and media. New challenges for the integration function of press and radio . Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 129-146, ISBN 3-531-13506-6
  • Andreas Hepp , Martin Löffelholz (Ed.) (2002): Basic texts for transcultural communication . Constance: UVK. ISBN 978-3-8252-2371-7
  • Kathrin Kissau (2008): The integration potential of the Internet for migrants . Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, ISBN 978-3-531-15991-1
  • Daniel Müller (2005): The media use of ethnic minorities . In: Rainer Geißler / Horst Pöttker (ed.): Mass media and the integration of ethnic minorities in Germany . Bielefeld: transcript, 359–388, ISBN 3-89942-280-5
  • Daniel Müller (2005): The content of ethnomedia from the point of view of integration. In: Rainer Geißler / Horst Pöttker (ed.): Mass media and the integration of ethnic minorities in Germany. Problem outline. State of research. Bibliography . Bielefeld: transcript, pp. 323-356, ISBN 3-89942-280-5
  • Daniel Müller (2007): Who is distorting whom or what? To represent ethnic minorities . In: Journalistik, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 16-17.
  • Daniel Müller (2009): Attitudes of journalists regarding their role in the integration of ethnic minorities. A qualitative survey in North Rhine-Westphalia with a special focus on crime reporting . In: Rainer Geißler / Horst Pöttker (ed.): Mass media and integration of ethnic minorities in Germany. Research Findings. Bielefeld: transcript, pp. 145-160, ISBN 978-3-8376-1027-7
  • Andrea Piga (2007): Media use by migrants . In: Heinz Bonfadelli / Heinz Moser (eds.): Media and Migration. Europe as a multicultural space? Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 209–228, ISBN 978-3-531-15129-8
  • Georg Ruhrmann et al. (2009): Migrants and the Media. Documentation on the state of research of the most important studies on media presentation, use and reception by migrants and ethnic minorities from 2003 to 2009. On behalf of the CIVIS Media Foundation. Jena.
  • Maria Stradner (2010): Majority - Power - Media: The integration of people with a migration background into the Austrian editorial team (PDF; 997 kB). Joanneum Graz.
  • Joachim Trebbe (2009): Ethnic minorities, mass media and integration: An investigation into mass media representation and media effects . Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. ISBN 978-3-531-16684-1
  • Stefan Wellgraf (2008): Migration and Media: How TV, Radio and Print View the Others . Münster: Lit Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8258-1124-2

Remarks

  1. ↑ The question of how strongly individual journalists with a migration background can assert themselves against the structural constraints in media companies and media systems is controversial.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ania Haar: Media: Turkish newspaper wants German-speaking readers , diepresse of March 17, 2009
  2. ↑ Rainer Geißler (2005): Medial Integration of Ethnic Minorities In: Rainer Geißler / Horst Pöttker (eds.): Mass media and the integration of ethnic minorities in Germany. Bielefeld: transcript, pp. 72-73, ISBN 3-89942-280-5
  3. ^ Karl-Heinz Meier-Braun: Migrants in Germany: Trapped in the media ghetto?
  4. ^ Daniel Müller (2005): The representation of ethnic minorities in German mass media . In: Rainer Geißler / Horst Pöttker (ed.): Mass media and the integration of ethnic minorities in Germany . Bielefeld: transcript, pp. 83-126, ISBN 3-89942-280-5 .
  5. ↑ Georg Ruhrmann / Songül Demren (2000): How the media report on migrants . In: Heribert Schatz / Christina Holtz-Bacha / Jörg-Uwe Nieland (eds.): Migrants and media. New challenges for the integration function of press and radio . Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 69–81
  6. ↑ Heinz Bonfadelli (2007): The representation of ethnic minorities in the mass media . In: Heinz Bonfadelli / Heinz Moser (eds.): Media and Migration. Europe as a multicultural space? Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 95–118, ISBN 978-3-531-15129-8
  7. ^ "Austrian mainstream media are a distorting mirror" - Interview with the Austrian communication scientist Fritz Hausjell, In: derstandard.at of March 11, 2010.
  8. ↑ Attitudes of chronicle journalists from Austrian daily newspapers on the topics of migration and media integration ( memento of the original from October 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - Research dossier No. 8 of the Austrian Integration Fund @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.integrationsfonds.at
  9. ↑ Müller Thomas: "... there is a bunch of rabbits coming to us" , derstandard.at of June 28, 2009
  10. ↑ The key to media integration lies in the entertainment sector - Sabine Schiffer, In: migazin.de of October 27, 2010.
  11. ^ Andreas Dörner (2000): The cinema as a political integration agency. Afro-American identity offerings in Hollywood film of the 90s. In: Heribert Schatz / Christina Holtz-Bacha / Jörg Uwe Nieland (eds.): Migrants and media. New challenges for the integration function of press and radio . Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 164–178, ISBN 3-531-13506-6
  12. ↑ Olivera Stajić: No funding, no role models , dastandard.at of October 6, 2010
  13. ^ Rainer Geißler / Kristina Enders / Verena Reuter (2009): Little ethnic diversity in German newspaper editors . In: Rainer Geißler / Horst Pöttker (ed.): Mass media and the integration of ethnic minorities in Germany. Research Findings . Bielefeld: transcript, Medienumbrüche 30, pp. 79–118, ISBN 978-3-8376-1027-7
  14. ↑ Beat Allenbach: How to correct the crooked picture in the media?
  15. ↑ Andy Kaltenbrunner / Matthias Karmasin / Daniela Kraus / Astrid Zimmermann (2008): The Journalists Report 2: Austria's media makers and their motives. A representative survey . Vienna: Facultas, p. 73, ISBN 978-3-7089-0321-7
  16. ^ The American Society of News Editor, ASNE
  17. ↑ ASNE Newsroomcensus ( Memento of the original from September 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / asne.org
  18. ^ Robert C. Maynard Institute for Journalism Education
  19. ↑ John S. and James L. Knight Foundation ( Memento of the original of April 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.knightfoundation.org
  20. ↑ Mitiadis Oulios (2009): Why are there so few journalists with an immigrant background in the German mass media? An exploratory study. In: Rainer Geißler / Horst Pöttker (ed.): Mass media and integration of ethnic minorities in Germany. Research Findings. Bielefeld: transcript, pp. 119-144, ISBN 978-3-8376-1027-7