Michael Lehmann (Pedagogue)

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Michael Lehmann

Michael Lehmann (born February 5, 1827 in Langenenslingen , County of Hohenzollern ; † February 3, 1903 in Hechingen ) was a German educator , writer , journalist and musician . With his popular stories, novellas and novels he was one of the well-known Catholic writers in southern Germany in the second half of the 19th century and, as editor-in-chief of the central newspaper Der Zoller im Kulturkampf, was one of the most prominent rebels of the Prussian Catholics. As a musician, the organist and choirmaster also performed at the collegiate church in Hechingen with his own church music compositions .

Origin and family

Michael Lehmann was the third son of master tanner Nikolaus Lehmann and his wife Katharina, nee. Steal. The family was Catholic, but Michael Lehmann also had Protestant ancestors. His maternal grandmother was the first " conversa " to be recorded in the village church registers. Michael Lehmann's brother Raphael was the great-grandfather of Cardinal Karl Lehmann and of Marcel and Robert Hepp . Michael Lehmann was married and had two daughters.

Live and act

Pedagogue and church musician

Michael Lehmann became a teacher at the request of his father and began his training as a preparer at the age of 14 in Langenenslingen. After passing the incipient examination, he was accepted into the Hohenzollern preparatory institute in Habsthal in 1843 . The spirit of this institution, which gave the Wessenbergian goal of “popular education” a “ pietistic ” turn under the influence of the ideas of the “neo-Roman” movement, had a lasting impact on Lehmann.

After having passed the “Matura exam”, at the age of eighteen, who had already appeared in the quarterly journal for practical schooling with his first pedagogical publications, he was appointed as a “provisional” in 1845. H. as a temporary assistant teacher , initially employed at the elementary school in Mindersdorf . As early as the second station in Gammertingen , conflicts began with the respective authorities, which can be traced in the personnel files throughout his career. From 1847 he was a teacher in Fischingen at a one-class school for six years . At the same time he wrote pedagogical treatises, which initially appeared in the quarterly publication and in the Deutsches Schulbote , and from 1849 in the magazine for pedagogy , which he himself edited and edited .

In the spring of 1848 he was inspired, influenced and shaped by the revolution in the German southwest . As a “ Greater German ” patriot , he was an advocate of the revolutionary goal of “national unity”. After the end of the revolution he continued to work as a village school teacher in Fischingen, where he had arguments with the pastor in his capacity as school overseer. In October 1851 he asked the Oberamt Glatt to transfer the commissioner "because of a lack of subordination". The Oberamt did not accept this request, however. Lehmann was sworn in as a Prussian civil servant candidate in October 1851 and in September 1853 asked for a transfer to a permanent teaching position at a larger school. He was then only transferred to the city school in Hechingen as a provisional.

Interior of the collegiate church Hechingen

Shortly after his arrival in Hechingen, he also initially took the provisional position of a second organist at the collegiate church, which was given to him in January 1857. Here he worked as an organist and choir director and performed his own compositions. Because he did not have this appointment approved, there was another argument with the government. He was transferred to secondary school , but was again refused an adequate salary . A permanent position and salary increase, which he received in 1857, was refused in 1858 on the grounds, among other things, that “the school class he directed has in past years in no way met the slightest requirements”, which Lehmann said in a letter of June 12th 1858 was able to refute in detail with the reference to the good grades of his school class in the last "recesses". He took several annual leave of absence and finally asked the government for his release from school service, which was granted to him.

At that time Lehmann was no longer living exclusively on his teacher's salary. Since 1862 he was choir regent at the Hechingen collegiate church. He also improved his income through music lessons and by this time had already published a number of books. He worked as a correspondent for the Deutsche Reichszeitung in Bonn and Germania . In 1864 he bought the house at Forststraße 4 (then: Am Ober Tor 59), a three-story half-timbered house from around 1830.

Editor of Zoller , casino founder, bookseller and writer in Hechingen

In 1872 a group of clergymen founded a “press association” which, in addition to the Hohenzollern newspapers previously published in Hohenzollern and the Hohenzollern People's Newspaper, and the Black Forest Bote, which was also frequently read there, launched another newspaper, the Zoller . Lehmann became editor and publisher of this paper. It was to appear three times a week from the beginning of 1873 and become a "consistent and resolute Catholic-political popular paper". Within a few months the Zoller had 1,400 subscribers and in 1874 overtook the competition with just under 1,700 copies, although the paper was printed under primitive conditions in Lehmann's house.

In 1873 Ludwig Egler took over the chairmanship of the Hechinger Musikverein as editor-in-chief of the liberal Hohenzollernschen Blätter , of which Lehmann had been the conductor for seventeen years. Another important liberal member of the music association was the district court director August Evelt . A guerrilla war quickly developed between the liberal Hohenzollern papers and the Zoller , which was close to the center , as a result of which Lehmann had to resign from his conductors in 1874, meanwhile with several criminal records. In the context of the dispute with Egler, Lehmann also came under suspicion of plagiarism several times . Lehmann ran into difficulties several times in the first year the paper was published. On March 8, 1873, he was sentenced to 14 days in prison for "disdaining orders from the authorities by communicating distorted facts". Number 18 of his February 11, 1873 newspaper had to be crushed. In April of the same year, he was sentenced to a fine for insulting MP Jung in Berlin. When the Zoller quoted an article in Berlin's Germania on September 18, Lehmann was sentenced to another fine for insulting the government in Sigmaringen.

Eduard Kullmann's assassination attempt on Bismarck in 1874

In October 1874 Lehmann was sentenced to six weeks in prison for "insulting the Chancellor and contempting the Prussian church laws through publicly alleged, knowingly distorted and fabricated facts" after he had expressed the assumption that Bismarck would certainly not be tightened immediately after the Kissingen attempted assassination who had demanded church laws. Lehmann assumed that this was only spread by liberal papers. In the article that led to his conviction, he had also made very sharp criticism of the Kulturkampf Laws. Furthermore, the telegram of loyalty in Zoller that the “Gammertingers loyal to the Reich” had sent to Bismarck after the attempted assassination was criticized because it discriminated against the ultra-montane Catholics: “What did the liberal screamers do especially for the Reich? ... You have done no more than the pitch-black ultramontanes that you slander and slander! There is not even the slightest shadow of hostility to the Reich on the ultramontanes! ”The editor Lehmann was thereupon again sentenced to a fine, as was the author of the article.

In a hearing on May 2, 1874 before the royal district court in Hechingen, the public prosecutor's office tried to revoke Lehmann's authority to publish the paper. She did not succeed, but the judgment was issued to completely destroy number 25 of the sheet. Today it is no longer entirely clear which year was meant, and copies of both numbers 25, which were already printed at the time, have been preserved.

In 1877 Lehmann was sentenced twice to three weeks' imprisonment, each after charges of libel. It is currently unknown whether the judgments or a part of the judgments were passed by August Evelt, because the relevant files have been disorganized and in poor condition since a fire in the Hechingen district court in 1940.

The fact that Lehmann had several previous convictions may have stood in the way of a political career. At an election event in Gammertingen in 1876, the district judge von Schilgen refused to appear with the convicted editor, who was then spontaneously replaced by a pastor.

In July 1874 the "Catholic Casino" was founded in Hechingen, of which Lehmann was one of the founding members. The facility should provide a setting for literary and social entertainment in the Catholic sense.

As a Prussian exclave, Hohenzollern had two Catholic bookshops, one in Sigmaringen and one in Hechingen, owned by Lehmann. Several times these bookstores were searched for writings dangerous to the state. When the Kulturkampf subsided towards the end of the 1870s, Lehmann turned back to literature. In the years 1872 to 1879 he wrote 22 stories.

Aftermath

While Lehmann had acted as a critical democrat at the time of the revolution, later he often adopted a more moderate tone. His novels and stories, which should also serve the fight against junk literature and the "mature youth and the people for instruction and entertainment", try to convey values ​​across epochs. In the prologue to The Last Reichenstein from 1863, for example, which takes place at the time of the Peasants' War , Lehmann spoke out clearly against revolutionary efforts and in favor of peaceful coexistence. However, he was less peaceful in works such as the knight Gerold von Helfenstein from 1855. Here he created an idealized image of the Crusades and spoke of “holy wars” - a “ jihad in the opposite direction”, as Willy Beyer put it. According to Beyer, both this decided attitude towards religion and the pompous style of his works may have contributed to the fact that these works were forgotten despite Lehmann's “profound knowledge, especially of European history”.

Works (selection)

Willy Beyer assumes that Lehmann, who also published under the pseudonyms “Salesius M.” and “Arundell”, wrote a complete work, the scope of which comes close to that of Karl May's complete works . Like him, Lehmann wrote numerous books for young people, some of which appeared in series. In the year the Zoller was founded alone , twelve books by Michael Lehmann were published. Lehmann's main publishers were the Augsburger Lampartverlag , Georg Joseph Manz in Regensburg and Friedrich Pustet .

The foreword of his first pamphlet published in 1850, a pamphlet for the “freedom of teaching,” is filled with enthusiasm for the “glorious revolution”.

There is some evidence that Lehmann joined the politically more moderate men around the “people's friend from Hohenzollern”, who were mainly concerned with the liberation of the church from the shackles of the “police state”, while the anti-authoritarian and anti-authority resolutely opposed anti-church excesses of the wild popular movement. Her criticism of the Ancien Régime was not directed against the monarchical form of rule , but against the bureaucratic "multiple government" and the interference of the state in all areas of society, but especially in the interests of the church.

During the time of the 1848 revolution, school expert Sylvester Miller is said to have had an influence on Lehmann. It is possible that Lehmann found a mentor during his time as a young teacher in Fischingen in Miller, the pastor in Gruol, representative of the clergy in the Sigmaringen state parliament and editor of the “Volksfreund”.

Lehmann was a typical representative of libertarian Catholicism in every respect. In his pamphlet on the freedom of instruction he declared apodictically: "The citizen belongs to the state, the person belongs to himself. I call the latter the individual freedom that the revolution has brought back to honor." He saw the freedom of the individual as the highest principle for all reforms and advocated freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of belief.

Illustration to Wolfrate von Veringen

Fiction

• A tried and tested , Augsburg 1854
• Aurelius , Augsburg 1855
• Gerold von Helfenstein , Augsburg 1855
• Aurel Däumling , Augsburg 1856
• Prince and Wildschütz , Augsburg 1856
• Wolfrat von Veringen , Augsburg 1856
• Thomas More , Augsburg 1857
• Sorrows and joys of poor people and Das Tyroler-Annerl , Augsburg and Leipzig 1857
• The Thaljunker , Augsburg 1858
• Cecily Tyrell , Regensburg 1859
• Friedrich von Scharfenstein , Regensburg 1861
• The last Reichenstein , Regensburg 1863
• Gisela , Regensburg 1867
• The minstrel , Regensburg 1867
• Rose of San Jago , Regensburg 1871
• Riedmüller's little daughters , Sigmaringen 1871
• Aurelia , Regensburg 1871
• Two daughters , Regensburg 1871 and 1875
• Palm branch , Regensburg 1872
• The woodruff from Falkenstein , Regensburg 1872
• Charity pays interest , Regensburg 1872
• Reddy Connor , Regensburg 1872
• Cheated fraudsters , Regensburg 1873
• Antonia Maillard , Regensburg 1873
• Lost and found again , Regensburg 1873
• The good Gerhard , Regensburg 1873
• Poor Virgin , Regensburg 1873
• Arthur Graf von Chully , Regensburg 1873
• Waldbauer , Regensburg 1873
• Mr. Waldhorst , Regensburg 1873
• Albrecht von Hohenberg , Hechingen 1873
• Poor people , Regensburg 1875
• The schoolmaster of Nordheim , Regensburg 1875
• Alfonso , Regensburg 1876
• The story of the Tyrolean Seppl , Regensburg 1876
• Gil Blas from Santillana , Regensburg 1878
• Tyrolean Hearts , Regensburg 1878
• Count of Valfort , Regensburg 1878
• Judith , Regensburg 1880
• Jung Werner , Regensburg 1880
• Gold Uncle , Regensburg 1881
• From storm to peace , Regensburg 1881
• Irene , Straubing 1881
• Clothilde von Arnaud , Regensburg 1881
• The coal farmer, Regensburg 1883
• In the Sennhütte , Regensburg 1883
• Osman and Miriam , Regensburg 1886
• Reconciled , Straubing 1886
• Begging boy , Straubing 1886
• Korsar , Straubing 1886
• Elvira , Regensburg 1886
• Ulrich von Wehrstein , Regensburg 1889
• Arms Elise , Regensburg 1889
• Green Epheu , Regensburg 1889
• White lilies , Regensburg 1889
• Anselma , Regensburg 1889
• Armorer , Regensburg 1889
• Don't lose heart , Regensburg 1889
• The smith of one's own happiness , Regensburg 1889
• The shooter from Wildenstein , Regensburg 1891
• Dora , Regensburg 1891
• Poor and rich people , Regensburg 1892
• The old woodruff , Regensburg 1892
• In the spinning room , Regensburg 1894
• Faithful to death , Regensburg 1895
• Aiming high , Regensburg 1895
• A lost life , Regensburg 1896
• Hendrik , Regensburg 1896

Political pamphlets

• The freedom of teaching, with particular reference to the results of the previous year's teachers' meetings. A word to all teachers and school friends, Regensburg (Manz) 1850 (174 pp.)
• Are the Catholics enemies of the empire? , in: Compass for the Catholic People , Würzburg 1875
• The liberal schoolmaster , in: Compass for the Catholic People , Würzburg 1875
• The freedom of teaching and the non-denominational state school , Compass for the Catholic people, vol. 59, Würzburg 1877 (30 pages)
• Pilgrimages and processions , in: Compass for the Catholic People , Würzburg 1878

Publications under a pseudonym

Works published under the pseudonym "Arundell":

• Rachel , Volume 1, Regensburg 1873
• Rachel , Volume 2, Regensburg 1873

Works published under the pseudonym "Salesius M.":

• Four life companions , Regensburg 1872
• Memories of home , Regensburg 1872
• Light and dark sides , Regensburg 1872
• Trust in God , Regensburg 1873
• Providence directs everything , Regensburg 1872

Compositions

Michael Lehmann's compositions are sometimes still performed. At least some of the sheet music is in the historical sheet music archive of the parish of St. Jakobus in Hechingen. His Kyrie was "lovely and concise melody", read a concert review from 2012.

• Faith (hymn, Adagio, D major), in: QPS 11, 1847, no. 2, p. 241
• Rests in you, Lord! my whole mind (Choral, E flat major) in: QPS 11, 1847, H. 2, p. 242
• Adeste Fideles ( SATB + Solo S + Org, G), missing
• Alleluia! Motet for Easter for mixed voices (SATB, G)
• Alleluija The Lord is risen in C major ( RISM ID No. 653004252)
• Ave maris stella in C major (RISM ID No. 455032172)
• Ave Maria , for soprano and alto with accompaniment (SA + Org / Harm, G) Edition Ch. Fassoli, Strasbourg
• You exalted in heaven high, greet the Queen of Angels! (SATB, G), St. Jakob Archive, Hechingen
• Grave song ( TTBB , G.), lost
• Les Antiennes de la Sainte Vierge , for soprano and alto (or tenor and bass) with accompaniment ( antiphons ), edit. Ch. Fassoli, Strasbourg
• Missa Brevis in E flat major for soprano and alto, tenor and bass (ad libitum) with organ or harmonium, edit. Ch. Fassoli, Strasbourg
• Regina coeli laetare (SARB + ​​Orch, G), St. Jakob Archive, Hechingen
• Regina coeli laetare (SA + Org), missing
• Salve Regina , Opus 7 for soprano, alto, tenor and bass with chamber ensemble, Archive St. Jakob, Hechingen
• Vingt-quatre cantiques allemandes de tous les siècles, en l'honneur de la sainte Vierge , for four voices, edit. Ch. Fassoli, Strasbourg
• Far is Heaven (TTBB), lost
• Mary's flowers, a lovely wreath , 22 pieces 2nd ed. 1836, Fassoli & Ohlmann, Strasbourg

literature

• Willy Beyer: Michael Lehmann - a forgotten cultural worker and cultural fighter in Hohenzollern , in: Hohen-zollerische Heimat, 55th year (2005), No. 4, pp. 59-61; 56th Vol. (2006), No. 2, pp. 22-26, 57th Vol. (2007), No. 1, pp. 17-22
• Willy Beyer: Michael Lehmann - a Catholic rebel , in: Hohenzollerische Heimat, 53rd year 2003, pp. 55–58, 54th year 2004, No. 1, pp. 11-13; No. 2, pp. 26-28, No. 3, pp. 45-47 (bibliography p. 47), No. 4, pp. 57-60
• Aiga Klotz: Children's and youth literature in Germany 1840–1950 , Stuttgart and Weimar 1994, ISBN 3476007049 , pp. 37–39 (detailed list of Lehmann's works) ( limited preview in Google book search)
• H. Rupp and CL Lang Ed .: Art. M. Lehmann in: Deutsches Literatur-Lexikon ("Kosch"), 3rd ed. Bern / Munich 1984, Vol. 9, Sp. 1122–1124;
• Günther Hirschmann: Kulturkampf in the historical novel of the early days 1859–1878 , Munich 1978, pp. 65, 152, 158;
• R. Sauter: Michael Lehmann - the first "Zoller" editor. On the 100th birthday 1827 - February 5 - 1927 , in: Der Zoller No. 171 v. February 5, 1927
• Adolf Rösch: The Kulturkampf in Hohenzollern , in: Freiburger Diözesanarchiv 43, 1915, esp. Pp. 104-108
• Franz Brümmer (Hrsg.): Lexicon of German poets and prose writers from the beginning of the 19th century to the present , 6th edition Leipzig 1913, vol. 4, p. 214;
• (H.): Michael Lehmann + , in: Magazin für Pädagogik, 1903, No. 15, pp. 234–236
• Friedrich Wienstein: Lexicon of Catholic German Poets from the Beginning of the Middle Ages to the Present , Hamm 1899, p. 216 f .;
• Josef Kehrein: Biographical-literary lexicon of the cath. German Poet, folk u. Youth writer in the 19th century , Zurich – Stuttgart – Würzburg 1868, vol. 1, p. 221 f .;
• Joh. Bapt. Heindl (ed.): Gallery of famous educators, honored school men, youth and folk writers and composers from the present in biographies and biographical sketches , Munich 1858/59, vol. 1, p. 542 f.
• Collection of "Life Pictures" with newspaper clippings in the Hohenzollerische Heimatbücherei Hechingen (HHB); Sign. U. b. 171 u. K 165;

Individual evidence

1. ^ F. Knaupp: Langenenslingen. 1927/1930, reprint 1984, pp. 69 and 97; Karl Werner Steim: Langenenslingen. Federsee-Verlag, Bad Buchau 2008, p. 419 f.
2. ↑ Catharina Kilbert conversa (family register in the archive of the parish of Langenenslingen), p. 246. In her ascendency there is even a Lutheran pastor of the 16th century in Valentin Lohrer von Flehingen. The first Bretten ancestor, the mayor and landlord Hans Bernh. Lohrer (1660–1736), was the brother of the Bretten mountain miller Nikolaus Lohrer (1656–1736). See FW Euler : Pedigree v. Weizsäcker-v. Graevenitz. In: Herold Studies. Volume 1, Berlin 1992, p. 112
3. ↑ Willy Beyer, Michael Lehmann - a Catholic rebel. On the 100th anniversary of the death of the publicist, writer and composer , in: Hohenzollerische Heimat 45, 2004, issue 1, pp. 11-13 ( digitized version )
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Willy Beyer, Michael Lehmann - a Catholic rebel. On the 100th anniversary of the death of the publicist, writer and composer , in: Hohenzollerische Heimat 53, 2003, No. 4, pp. 55–58
5. ↑ (er): M. Lehmann. In: Magazine for Education. Volume 60, 1897, No. 11, p. 88; Obituary. In: Magazine for Education. No. 15, 1903, p. 235; R. Sauter: Michael Lehmann - the first "Zoller" editor. On the 100th birthday 1827 - February 5th - 1927. In: Der Zoller. No. 171 of February 5, 1927
6. ↑ Joh. Evang. Stauß: First report on the Princely Hohenzollern-Sigmaringensche Bildungsanstalt in Habsthal. Sigmaringen 1846, p. 28
7. ↑ J. Wannenmacher: The teacher training in Hohenzollern. In: Hohenzollerische Zeitung (Tübingen / Hechingen) No. 12 of August 15, 1960; Stauß: First report. especially pp. 1 f., 7 ff., 16 ff., 22 ff.
8. ^ IH von Wessenberg: The elementary education of the people. Zurich 1814
9. ↑ A. Rösch: The religious life in Hohenzollern under the influence of Wessenbergianism 1800-1850. Cologne 1908, p. 135 ff.
10. ↑ A few words about saving time for the treatment of the teaching subjects, quarterly publication 9th vol. (1845), no. 1, pp. 432–446 In the 10th year (1846) he is with an essay on "self-control" (2nd vol. , Pp. 129 - 146) and represented with “Pedagogical and Didactic Comments” (3rd edition, pp. 305–336; 4th edition, pp. 385–416).
11. ^ Personnel files Michael Lehmann (school service) in the StA Sigmaringen. Ho 235: 547
12. ↑ Magazine for Pedagogy - [Quarterly Writing] / [Cath.] Magazine for Public Education and Public Education, ed. by M. Lehmann, elementary school teacher, from spring 1849 to New Year 1853 81st issue, 2nd abbot; NF 7. u. 8th vol., Rottweil aN, 1849-1850; 9. u. 10th year, Ludwigsburg (CF Rast) 1851–1852 (4 year olds, 8 books each)
13. ↑ R [oman] Sauter, Michael Lehmann - The first "Zoller" editor. On the 100th birthday 1827 - February 5 - 1927 , in: Der Zoller No. 171 v. February 5, 1927
14. ↑ ML, Pedagogical and Didactic Comments , in: Viertelschrift für Praktisches Schulwesen , 1846, 10, no. 3, p. 330; The value of teaching history for elementary schools , in: Der Deutsche Schulbote 6, 1847, pp. 150–153; see. also: The freedom of teaching , Regensburg 1850, p. 115
15. ↑ The value of teaching history for elementary schools , in: Der Deutsche Schulbote 6, 1847, p. 150 f .; according to Roman Sauter he was a “Greater German”, cf. Michael Lehmann - The first "Zoller" editor. On the 100th birthday 1827 - February 5 - 1927 , in: Der Zoller No. 171 of February 5, 1927
16. ^ According to the personal files in the StA Sigmaringen Ho 235: 547
17. ^ Letter from the Oberamt Glatt to the Königl. Prussian government in the StA Sigmaringen v. October 14, 1851
18. ^ Letter to the Royal Government of September 25, 1858 (StA Sigmaringen Ho 235: 547)
19. ↑ Personnel files StA Sigmaringen. Ho 235: 547
20. ^ Letter from the Royal School commissioner to the Royal Superior Office of July 5, 1862 (Personal files StA Sigmaringen. Ho 235: 547). According to Beyer, however, the discharge did not take place until 1864.
21. ↑ ^{a b c d} Willy Beyer, Michael Lehmann - a forgotten cultural worker and cultural fighter in Hohenzollern , in: Hohenzollerische Heimat 57, 2007, No. 1, pp. 17-22 ( digitized version )
22. ↑ Willy Beyer, Michael Lehmann - a forgotten cultural worker and cultural fighter in Hohenzollern , in: Hohenzollerische Heimat 55, 2005, No. 4, pp. 59-61 ( digitized version )
23. ↑ Willy Beyer, Michael Lehmann - a Catholic rebel. On the 100th anniversary of the death of the publicist, writer and composer , in: Hohenzollerische Heimat 45, 2004, issue 1, pp. 11-13 ( digitized version )
24. ↑ Willy Beyer, Michael Lehmann - a Catholic rebel. On the 100th anniversary of the death of the publicist, writer and composer , in: Hohenzollerische Heimat 54, 2004, No. 2, pp. 26–28 ( digitized version )
25. ↑ Willy Beyer, Michael Lehmann - a Catholic rebel. On the 100th anniversary of the death of the publicist, writer and composer , in: Hohenzollerische Heimat 54, 2004, No. 3, pp. 45–48 ( digitized version )
26. ↑ Willy Beyer, Michael Lehmann - a Catholic rebel. On the 100th anniversary of the death of the publicist, writer and composer , in: Hohenzollerische Heimat 54, 2004, No. 3, pp. 45–48 ( digitized version )
27. ↑ The freedom of teaching with special consideration of the results of the teachers' meetings of the previous year. A word to all teachers and school friends, Regensburg (Manz) 1850 (174 pp.) The font is the expanded version of a series of essays that appeared in the magazine for pedagogy in the spring and summer of 1849.
28. ^ According to the testimony of R. Sauter (Der Zoller of February 5, 1927) he kept a number of the "Volksfreund" as a souvenir.
29. ^ Nolle, Geschichte des Zeitungswesens, pp. 82 ff .; Gönner, The Revolution of 1848/49, p. 89
30. ↑ Nolle, A., Geschichte des Zeitungswesens, p. 83
31. ^ Nolle, Geschichte des Zeitungswesens, pp. 86 ff.
32. ^ Gönner, The Revolution of 1848/49, p. 89
33. ↑ The freedom of teaching with special consideration of the results of the teachers' meetings of the previous year. A word to all teachers and school friends, Regensburg 1850
34. ^ Wolfrat von Veringen
35. ↑ Sorrows and joys of poor people
36. ↑ The Tyroler-Annerl
37. ↑ The Thaljunker
38. ↑ Cecily Tyrell
39. ^ The woodruff from Falkenstein
40. ↑ The schoolmaster of Nordheim
41. ↑ Church music collegiate church St. Jakobus Hechingen. Christmas 2016 on www.see-luzius.de
42. ↑ Event information on www.hechingen.de
43. ↑ Willy Beyer, Balingen. Choirs seal friendship with twin towns , in: Schwarzwälder Bote , March 26, 2012 (online at www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de )