Lotharii Regnum
The Lotharii Regnum ( Latin for "Lothar's Empire"), also known as the Middle Kingdom , was the middle part of the Frankish Empire , which after the division of the Empire on August 10, 843 in the Treaty of Verdun, fell to Emperor Lothar I as a direct royal domain. This elongated middle section of the empire, which Lothar, the eldest son of Emperor Ludwig the Pious, who died in 840, remained after the lost power struggle against his brother Ludwig the Germans and his half-brother Karl the Bald , stretched from the North Sea to the Mediterranean , from Friesland via the Netherlands , Aachen , the Rhineland , Burgundy , Provence and Northern Italy to the imperial city of Rome in Italy .
Division of Prüm
While still alive, Lothar divided his empire in September 855 in the division of Prüm between his three sons Lothar II , Karl and Ludwig II : Lotharingia (Friesland, Netherlands and Rhineland) in the north, Burgundy and Provence in the southwest and Italy in the southeast .
Italy
Italy (and with it the Roman emperor) inherited Ludwig II.
After Ludwig's death in 875 Italy and the imperial title fell to the West Francia Charles the Bald , Italy later to the eastern kingdom of Carloman ; it was finally won by Otto the Great in 961 .
Provence and Burgundy
Provence and the larger part of Burgundy belonging to the Middle Kingdom (the smaller part, the region now called "Burgundy" ("Bourgogne") in the center of present-day France , had been part of western France since 843) fell to Charles of Provence .
After Charles of Provence died childless in 863, his inheritance was divided between his older brothers. The northern, smaller part of Burgundy fell to the empire of Lothar II , the southern, larger part of Burgundy and Provence to the Italy of Louis II and, after his death in 875, to the western empire of Charles the Bald .
After Charles the Bald's death in 877, founded the Kingdom of Lower Burgundy in the south of Boso von Vienne in 879 ; After Charlemagne's death in 888, the Guelph Rudolf I proclaimed the kingdom of Hochburgund in the north .
Reunited under Otto the Great , the Kingdom of Burgundy became part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1033 under Emperor Conrad II .
Lotharingia
Lothar I's successor as king in the north of the empire (but without the dignity of emperor) was Lothar II ; he gave the area the name " Lotharingien " ("that which belongs to Lothar").
After Lothar II's death in 869, the former Middle Kingdom was redistributed in the Treaty of Meerssen in 870 : The East Franconian King Ludwig the German , uncle Lothar II and middle brother Lothar I, received the eastern part of Lotharingia, the West Franconian King Charles the Bald , Half-uncle of Lothar II and half-brother of Lothar I, the western part.
In 879, the grandsons of Charlemagne, fixed in writing in 880 in the Treaty of Ribemont , also gave this western part of Lotharingia to the East Frankish King Ludwig III. ; hence Lotharingia belonged from now on (with an interruption from 911 to 923) in its entirety to Eastern Franconia and formed the Duchy of Lorraine .
In 959 the duchy was divided into the duchies of Upper Lorraine and Lower Lorraine .
Ruler of Lotharingia
- 843–855 Lothar I , emperor and king
- 855–869 Lothar II , son of Lothar I, king
- 869–877 Charles II the Bald , brother of Lothar I, in the western part
- 877–879 Ludwig II the Stammler , son of Charles II, in the western part
- 869–876 Ludwig II, the German brother of Lothar I, in the eastern part
- 876-882 Ludwig III. the younger son of Ludwig II, in the eastern part, from 879 also in the western part
- 882-887 Charles III. the fat brother of Ludwig III., as King of Eastern France
- 887–895 Arnulf of Carinthia , as King of Eastern France
- 895–900 Zwentibold , son of Arnulf, as king under his father
- 900–911 Ludwig IV. The child of Arnulf's son, as King of Eastern Franconia
- around 904–910 Gebhard , Count in der Wetterau, around 904 Duke of Lorraine
- 911-923 Charles III. the simple-minded king of the west of France, overlord of Lorraine
- 911–915 Reginhar I , Count of Hainaut, Margrave
- 915–922 Wigerich , Count Palatine of Lorraine
- 923–936 Heinrich I , as King of Eastern Franconia, overlord over Lorraine
- 923–939 Giselbert , Count of Hainaut, Duke
- 936–973 Otto I as King of Eastern Franconia, overlord of Lorraine
- 939–940 Heinrich von Sachsen , Duke of Lorraine
- 940–944 Heinrich, Count of Hainaut, Duke of Lorraine
- 940–944 Otto von Verdun , Count of Verdun, Duke of Lorraine
- 944–953 Conrad the Red , Duke of Lorraine, Count in the Duchy of Franconia
- 953–959 Brun , Archbishop of Cologne, Duke of Lorraine
- 959–978 Friedrich I. von Bar
- 973–983 Otto II as king overlord over Lorraine
- 978-1027 Dietrich I. von Bar
- 1019-1026 Friedrich II. Von Bar as co-regent
- 983-1002 Otto III. as king
- 1002–1024 Henry II the Saint as king
- 1024-1039 Konrad II as king
- 1027-1033 Friedrich III. from bar
literature
- Jens Schneider: In search of the lost empire. Lotharingia in the 9th and 10th centuries . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 2010, ISBN 978-3-412-20401-3 .
- Thomas Bauer: Lotharingia as a historical space. Spatial formation and spatial awareness in the Middle Ages , Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-412-13696-4 .
- Rüdiger E. Barth: Lotharingia 10th - 12th century. Directed division or internal division? , Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Vienna 1996, ISBN 3-631-30347-5 .
- Rüdiger E. Barth: The Duke in Lotharingien in the 10th century , Sigmaringen 1990, ISBN 3-7995-4128-4 .
- Eduard Hlawitschka: Lotharingien and the empire on the threshold of German history , Stuttgart 1968.
Individual evidence
- ^ Rudolf Schieffer : Die Zeit des Carolingischen Großreichs, 714-887 in: Bruno Gebhardt : Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte Volume 2. Klett-Cotta , Stuttgart 2005, 10th completely revised edition, ISBN 3-608-60002-7 , p. 144 ( books.google.de )