Mohammed Qutb

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Mohammed Qutb ( Arabic محمد قطب, DMG Muḥammad Quṭb ; born April 26, 1919 in Muscha , Asyut Governorate , Egypt ; died April 4, 2014 in Mecca , Hejaz , Saudi Arabia ) was an Islamic scholar, thinker and ideologue of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood . He is the younger brother of Sayyid Qutb , a pioneer of the Muslim Brotherhood , for whose work he later campaigned from Saudi Arabia after his execution under the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser .

Life

In Egypt

Mohammed Qutb, with full name Mohammed Qutb Ibrahim Hussein Schathly (محمد قطب إبراهيم حسين شاذلي Muhammad Qutb Ibrahim Husain Schadhli ), was born on April 26, 1919 in Muscha, a village near Asyut in central Egypt. It is one of the places with the highest proportion of Coptic Christians . His father was a simple farmer, his mother came from an educated family. There were five siblings in the Qutb family. Mohammed was the second son after Sayyid. The parents sent their two sons to study in Cairo . Mohammedgraduated in Englishfrom Fu'ad-al-Awwal University (now Cairo University )in 1940and received a diploma from the High Institute for Education and Psychology in 1941.

Biographical information on the website of the International King Faisal Prize (KFIP) shows that he worked for some time as an English teacher, then at the Egyptian National Library ( Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya ) and was subsequently appointed translator in the Egyptian Ministry of Education. He was then transferred to the Department of Culture of the Ministry of Higher Education (Higher Education) to oversee the 1000 Book Project , which aimed to make books at affordable prices.

In 1965, many Muslim Brotherhoods, including Mohammed and Sayyid Qutb, were charged and imprisoned for participating in a conspiracy against President Gamal Abdel Nasser . Mohammed Qutb was arrested on July 29, 1965, a few days before his brother Sayyid. Sayyid Qutb was executed in Cairo on August 29, 1966 . Mohammed was released in 1971 after six years in prison. To continue his activities, Mohammed Qutb emigrated to Saudi Arabia, along with other radicalized representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood, where some of them were given university positions and an increasingly sophisticated global platform.

In Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia , Mohammed Qutb propagated his brother's ideas and edited and published his books. He had been a teacher at Sharia College (later Umm-al-Qura University ) in Mecca since 1972 and taught at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah , founded in 1967 , where Osama bin Laden was among his students.

Mohammed Qutb spoke out against the takfīr , through which Muslims are declared apostates , and worked to bring the teachings of the Muslim Brotherhood into line with the prevailing Wahhabism or Salafism in Saudi Arabia . In 1986 Safar al-Hawālī (born 1950) from the so-called Sahwa group defended his PhD dissertation, supervised by Mohammed Qutb, on The Phenomenon of Postponement in Islamic Thought (ظاهرة الإرجاء في الفكر الإسلامي / Ẓāhirat al-irǧāʾ fī l-fikr al-islāmī ): His defense was so impressive that Mohammed Qutb publicly stated that the student had overtaken his teacher.

As part of the official reactions to the " Buraida - Intifada " in 1995 in Saudi Arabia leading members and activists of the Sahwa were -Kreises detained, were later dismissed another 50 university professors from office in June 1996, including Mohammed Qutb, who was deported to Qatar .

Mohammed Qutb died on April 4, 2014 in Saudi Arabia, in a hospital in Mecca.

Act

Mohammed Qutb is the author of numerous publications. In addition to hundreds of articles and popular lectures, he has authored over 35 books on educational, social, psychological, historical, theological and contemporary issues for a Muslim readership. His best known in the West are probably: Jahiliyya in the Twentieth Century ( jahiliyyah in the 20th century ) and Shubuhāt Hawla al-Islām (English under the title. Islam: the Misunderstood Religion ( "Islam, the Misunderstood Religion"), a German translation appeared under the title Objections against Islam at SKD-Bavaria in Munich ). The Russian Islamic leaders Muhammed Saljachetdinow recalls: "During the Soviet era Muhammad Qutb's books were in the Chudschrachs (informal home schools) Central Asia included in the curriculum. And at that time I myself had the opportunity to understand the fundamentals of Islamic thought from his works. "

His two-volume book Manhaj al-Tarbiya al-Islāmīya ( The Methodology of Islamic Education ) reports on current educational concepts from an Islamic perspective, while his more recent book al-Muslimūn wa al-'Awlama (Muslims and globalization) deals with the negative effects of globalization on predominantly Muslim countries as part of the third world .

In 1988, together with the Turk Miqdad Yalçin (born 1937), Qutb received the International King Faisal Prize (KFIP) in the Islamic Studies category .

According to Globalmbwatch website , Mohammed Qutb is probably best known in the West for claiming that Osama bin Laden “usually attended” his weekly public lectures at King Abdel-Aziz University. This is in contrast to an assertion made by the French scholar Gilles Kepel . Kepel noted that while Mohammed Qutb drove the thinking of his more radical brother Sayyid, he:

"... attempted to preserve its place within the doctrine of the Muslim Brotherhood and distance it from the most violent interpretations by zealous, young self-proclaimed Qutbists. / dt. ... to preserve its place within the doctrine of the Muslim Brotherhood and to distance it from the most violent interpretations of ardent young self-appointed Qutbis. "

meaning

Although both Sayyid Qutb and Mohammed Qutb are Islamist thinkers, little research has recognized the importance of Mohammed Qutb's Islamism. Mohammed Qutb played a mediating role between Sayyid Qutb and al-Qaida by providing the training for Osama bin Laden and Safar al-Hawālī . In addition, al-Qaeda was influenced by Mohammed Qutb's worldview, which is based on a confrontation between the US and Islam, with Western principles such as democracy and secularism being condemned.

Works

Mohammed Qutb's writings have been translated into numerous world languages ​​and, like those of his brother, often appeared at Dār al-Shurūq in Cairo and Beirut . The following is a list of his books (based on Masami Nishino and others):

from the time in Egypt
  • The human being between materialism and Islam / Human Being between Materialism and Islam (الإنسان بين المادية والإسلام al-Insān bayna al-māddīya wa al-Islām) (1950 or 1951?),
  • Doubts about Islam / Suspicions about Islam (شبهات حول الإسلام Shubhāt ḥawla al-Islām) (1954),
  • Glimpses from the Messenger (قبسات من الرسول Qabasāt min al-Rasūl) (1957),
  • Are we muslims? / Are We Muslims? (هل نحن مسلمون؟ Hal Naḥnu Muslimūn?) (1959),
  • Kampf gegen die Tradition / The Battle against the Tradition (معركة التقاليد Ma'rakat al-Taqālīd) (1959),
  • Psyche und Gesellschaft / About the Human Mind and the Society (في النفس والمجتمع Fī al-Nafs wa al-Mujtama ') (1962 or before),
  • Studies on the human psyche / Studies in Human Psychology (دراسات في النفس الإنسانية Dirāsāt fī al-Nafs al-Insānīya) (1963?),
  • Islamic Education Concepts / The Method of Islamic Education (منهج التربية الإسلامية Manhaj al-Tarbiya al-Islāmīya) (1960s?),
  • Jahiliyya of the twentieth century / The 20th Century Jahiliya (جاهلية القرن العشرين Jāhilīyat al-Qarn al-'Ishrīn) (1965),
  • Evolution and stability in the life of mankind / The Changing and the Unchanging in the Human Life (التطور والثبات في حياة البشرية al-Taṭawwur wa al-Thabāt fi Ḥayāt al-Basharīya) (1968).
from the time in Saudi Arabia
  • Islamische Kunstkonzepte / The Method of Islamic Art (منهج الفن الإسلامي Manhaj al-Fann al-Islāmī) (1973),
  • Quranische Studien / Quranic Studies (دراسات قرآنية Dirāsāt Qurʼānīya) (1980 or before),
  • Contemporary Doctrines of Thought / Contemporary Schools of Thought (مذاهب فكرية معاصرة Madhāhib Fikrīya Mu'āṣira) (1983)
  • The Concepts which Must be Corrected (مفاهيم ينبغي أن تصحح Mafāhīm yanbaghī an tuṣaḥḥaḥ) (1987),
  • Islamic Vision of the Contemporary World / Islamic Vision for the Situations of the Contemporary World (رؤية إسلامية لأحوال العالم المعاصر Ruʼya Islāmīya li-Aḥwāl al-'Ālam al-Mu'āṣir) (1991),
  • About Application of the Islamic Law (حول تطبيق الشريعة Ḥawla Taṭbīq al-Sharī'a) (1991),
  • There is no God except Allah: Creed, Law, and Method of Life (لا إله إلا الله عقيدة وشريعة ومنهج حياة Lā Ilāh illā Allāh: 'Aqīda wa-Sharī'a wa -Minhāj Ḥayāt) (1993 or before),
  • Secularists and Islam / The Secularists and Islam (العلمانيون والإسلام al-'Almānīyūn wa al-Islām) (1994),
  • Lessons from the Ordeal of Bosnia and Herzegovina (دروس من محنة البوسنة والهرسك Durūs min Miḥnat al-Busnah wa al-Harsak) (1994),
  • Let's come out of the dark / Halumma nakhruj min ẓulmāt al-tīyah هلم نخرج من ظلمات التيه (1994)
  • How do we write Islamic history? / How Do We Write the Islamic History? (كيف نكتب التاريخ الإسلامي؟ Kayfa naktubu al-Tārīkh al-Islāmī) (1995),
  • Our Contemporary Reality (واقعنا المعاصر Wāqi'nā al-Mu'āṣir) (1997),
  • About Building the Islamic Foundation for Social Sciences (حول التأصيل الإسلامي للعلوم الاجتماعية Ḥawla al-Taʼṣīl al-Islāmī li-l-'Ulūm al-Ijtimā'īya) (1998)
  • Orientalisten und Islam / The Orientalists and Islam (المستشرقون والإسلام al-Mustashriqūn wa al-Islām) (1999),
  • The Issue of Enlightenment in the Islamic World (قضية التنوير في العالم الإسلامي Qaḍīyat al-Tanwīr fī al-'Ālam al-Islāmī) (1999),
  • Afghan jihad and its effects الجهاد الأفغاني ودلالاته al-jihad al-Afghani wa dalalatahu (1999)
  • Lessons from the Holy Quran دروس تربوية من القرآن الكريم (1999)
  • What do we call people? / How Do We Call People? (كيف ندعو الناس؟ Kayfa nad'ū al-Nās) (2000),
  • Muslims and Globalization The Muslims and the Globalization (المسلمون والعولمة al-Muslimūn wa al-'Awlama) (2000),
  • From Issues of the Contemporary Islamic Thought: About the Religious Affairs, the History, the Economy, and the Literature (من قضايا الفكر الإسلامي المعاصر Min Qaḍāyā al-Fikr al-Islāmī al-Mu'āṣir: fī Umūr al-Dīn, fī al-Tārīkh, fī al-Iqtiṣād, fī al-Adab) (2003),
  • Pillars of the Faith (ركائز الإيمان Rakāʼiz al-Īmān) (2005 or before),
  • Errors / misleading (مغالطات Mughālaṭāt) (2006),
  • The Location of Education in the Islamic Activity (مكانة التربية في العمل الإسلامي Makānat al-Tarbiya fī al-'Amal al-Islāmī) (2008 or before),
  • About the Islamic Interpretation of the History (حول التفسير الإسلامي للتاريخ Ḥawla al-Tafsīr al-Islāmī li-l-Tārīkh) (2006)
  • Lā yaʼtūn bi-mithlih! لا يأتون بمثله! (2007)
  • Das ist der Islam / This is the Islam (هذا هو الإسلام Hādhā huwa al-Islām) (2008).

See also

literature

Web links

References and footnotes

  1. ↑ Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966), who, together with Abul Ala Maududi (1903–1979), is one of the greatest thinkers of the Islamic revival movement, which includes the Muslim Brotherhood (see Le prince saoudien Khaled Al-Faisal contre l'idéologie islamiste , March 21, 2005 ( memri.fr )). - In Germany , for example, according to the Office for the Protection of the Constitution of the State of Hesse , their writings were published by the Muslim Youth in Germany . V. (MJD). ( Protection of the Constitution in Hessen Report 2011 - Hessian Ministry of the Interior and for Sport )
  2. ↑ cf. Lawrence Wright: Death will find you. Al-Qaeda and the Way to September 11 , p. 101, and Adnan Musallam: From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism. 2005, p. 202 f. in Google Book Search
  3. ↑ The three sisters are Hamida Qutb, Amina Qutb and Nafisah Qutb (see shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. or better: globaljournals.org ). - On Hamida Qutb, cf. John Calvert: Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism , 2009, p. 396 in the Google book search.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in  
  4. ↑ Mohammad Kotb Shathly (kingfaisalprize.org) - accessed on July 8, 2018 (according to DNB : Maʿhad at-tarbiya al-ʿālī li-l-muʿallimīn )
  5. ↑ On the “1000 Book Project”, cf. Literary Translation and (or as?) Conflict between the ArabWorld and the West (Mustapha Ettobi) & Cultural Encounters in Translation from Arabic , edited by Dr. Said Faiq, p. 41 in Google Book Search.
  6. ↑ Information in the paragraph from: kingfaisalprize.org (KFIP) - accessed on July 8, 2018
  7. ↑ Olivier Carré: Mysticism and Politics: A Critical Reading of Fī Ẓilāl Al-Qur ' ān by Sayyid Qutb . Brill, Boston 2003, pp. 63–64 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  8. ↑ Gilles Kepel: Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh , p. 32 in the Google book search
  9. ↑ cf. Aaron Y. Zelin: Jihadology. Socio-political Background and Intellectual Undergirding of the Ikhwani Breakaway Factions: 1954–1981. 2013, p. 12 f. ( online ), there according to Musallam, Adnan A., From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2005):

    "Much of the rest of Qutb's life was spent in the Egyptian prison system. [...] While in prison Qutb started to organize his vanguard where they studied the Qur'an, Qutb's works as well as the writings of Ismā'īl Ibn Kathīr , Ibn Ḥazm , al-Shafī'ī , Taqī ad-Dīn Ibn Taymīyyah , Muhammad 'Abd al-Wahhab , Muhammad Qutb and ' Abū'A'lā al-Mawdūdī . "

  10. ↑ a b Умер исламский мыслитель, учитель советских мусульман (The Islamic Thinker, a teacher of Soviet Muslims, died), IslamNews.ru, April 5, 2014
  11. ↑ Michael Sells, "Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem" ( huffingtonpost.com ). - Michael Sells (ibid.) Further states:

    "Saudi rulers and clerics have made a point of rejecting the word" Wahhabi, "a term which would have anchored it in local Saudi traditions and thus interfered with the effort to present their ideology as the true common denominator of Islam everywhere. They insist that they do not advocate Wahhabism, but “Salafism,” a name associated with various revivalist movements that emerged around the beginning of the twentieth-century. A core element of Wahhabist ideology is its self-portrayal as nothing more than the true Islam of the "salaf," that is, the early followers of Muhammad and his companions. "

  12. ↑ See the work of Gilles Kepel: War for Muslim Minds (2004, pp. 174–175) and Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam (2002: 51).
  13. ↑ kingfaisalprize.org (KFIP)
  14. ↑ "The lectures of Mohammad Qutb (1919–2014), the brother of Sayyid Qutb, which the later al-Qaida leader attended in Jiddah at a young age, played a decisive role in Usama bin Laden's turn to extremism." Muslim Brotherhood Writings: Once Appreciated, Now Ostracized ( Joseph Croitoru )
  15. ↑ cf. Lawrence Wright: Looming Tower. 2006, p. 79
  16. ^ Emmanuel Sivan: Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics. Yale University, 1985, p. 111; Kepel, Gilles: Le Prophete et Pharaon. Editions Le Decouverte, 1984, pp. 61-64
  17. ^ A b Gilles Kepel: The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West. Belknap Press, 2004, pp. 174-175
  18. ↑ cf. islam21c.com :

    "Sheikh Safar al-Hawāli in his masters' thesis on secularism in the Muslim Ummah, and then his PhD on“ al – Irjā ”in Islamic theology: Dr Muhammad Sa'īd al-Qahtāni in his PhD on al – Walā and al- Barā'ah; Dr 'Alī al-Olayyāni in his PhD on al-Jihād and its role in Islamic Da'wah, and many others. "

  19. ↑ On the relationship between the two personalities, cf. Mansoor Jassem Alshamsi: Islam and Political Reform in Saudi Arabia: The Quest for Political Change and Reform (Routledge Studies in Political Islam). 2011, p. 59 (section: Muhammad Qutb) u. a.
  20. ^ Stéphane Lacroix: Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2011, p. 204: "who was even deported to Qatar" ( partial view in the Google book search).
  21. ↑ Muhammad Qutb, brother of Sayyid Qutb, passes away (April 4, 2014) (there according to World Bulletin )
  22. ↑ kingfaisalprize.org (KFIP); see. mqutb.wordpress.com and the Works section
  23. ↑ cf. also William E. Shepard: Sayyid Qutb's Doctrine of "Jāhiliyya". In: International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 35, No. 4, 2003, ISSN  0020-7438 , pp. 521-545, JSTOR 3879862 .
  24. ↑ The Jamaican - Canadian Islamic preacher Bilal Philips called "Islam, the Misunderstood Religion" as "the first book that made an impact on me ... I understood that Islam is perfect. This convinced me intellectually. ” Dr. Abu Ameenah Bilal Phillips (Jamaica)
  25. ↑ Possibly a coincidence is the theme of the Rhenish (see e.g. his video about the carnival ) Islam preacher Pierre Vogel : The third rally Vogel in Hesse took place on July 24th in Dietzenbach (Offenbach district) again under the "Islam, the misunderstood religion" takes place.
  26. ↑ Russian Мухаммед Абдулхаевич Саляхетдинов , scientific transliteration Muchammed Abdulchaevič Saljachetdinov , also in the spellings Mohamed Salyahetdinov, Muhammad Salahetdinov etc.
  27. ↑ cf. Muhammad Salahetdinov Abdulhaevich (halalummah.me)
  28. ↑ kingfaisalprize.org (KFIP)
  29. ↑ Mohammad Kotb Shathly - kingfaisalprize.org (KFIP)
  30. ↑ cf. Lawrence Wright (German p. 101):

    "Bin Laden and Khalifa were drawn to these men because they seemed more open-minded than the Saudi religious scholars and willing to give them access to those books that would change their lives, such as Qutb's Milestones and In the Shadow of Quran . Every week Mohammed Qutb, the martyr's younger brother, gave a lecture at the college. (Note 105, p. 476: Interview with Chaled Batarfi, Jamal Chalifa and Mohammed Qutb.) "

  31. ↑ Gilles Kepel was appointed professor of political science at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris in 2001, he founded the book series Proche-Orient , which is published by the Presses Universitaires de France (see PUF ).
  32. ↑ OBITUARY: Muhammad Qutb Dies In Mecca (gmbwatch on April 7, 2014) - accessed on July 8, 2018
  33. ↑ Masami Nishino: Muhammad Qutb's Islamist Thought: A Missing Link between Sayyid Qutb and al-Qaeda? - nids.mod.go.jp, p. 113
  34. ↑ In French spelling Dar al-Chourouq or Dar al-Chorouq .
  35. ↑ Masami Nishino, p. 120; see. mqutb.wordpress.com & worldcat.org (1 , 2)
personal data
SURNAME Qutb, Mohammed
ALTERNATIVE NAMES محمد قطب (Arabic); Muḥammad Quṭb Ibrāhīm al-Shādhilī
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Egyptian Islamic politician and thinker, brother of Sayyid Qutb
DATE OF BIRTH April 26, 1919
PLACE OF BIRTH Muscha (Asyut Governorate) , Egypt
DATE OF DEATH April 4, 2014
Place of death Mecca , Hejaz , Saudi Arabia