Orania (genus)
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Orania is a palm genus native to Southeast Asia and Madagascar. It is the only representative of the Oranieae tribe .
features
The representatives are medium-sized to powerful, single- stemmed fan palms without a crown shaft. They are unarmed, monoecious and blooming several times. The trunk is upright, short to long, becomes bare over time, has conspicuous rings of leaf scars and sometimes has corky, warty elevations.
The chromosome number is 2n = 32.
leaves
The leaves are two-lined (distich) in some species, in most in a spiral arrangement. They are large, feathery, and drop off by their own weight after they die. The leaf sheath is clearly formed and tears open in the longitudinal direction compared to the petiole. It is usually densely hairy and tapers distally into the petiole. This is usually quite short, grooved on the top and rounded on the underside. He has a lot of hair. The rachis is usually much longer than the petiole. The leaflets are simply folded, arranged regularly and are in one plane. They are seldom in groups (as with Orania archboldiana ) and are in several levels, resulting in a feathery appearance. The leaflets are linear-lanceolate, often narrow, folded, with a torn (premature) tip. The upper side of the leaf is bare and dark green, the underside of the leaf is covered with a dense white indument, rarely with brown hairs along the central rib (in the Malagasy species). The midrib stands out clearly on the top.
Inflorescences
The inflorescences are in the leaf axils between the leaves (interfoliar) individually. They are often massive and branched one to three times. They are protandric . The cover sheet is short, tubular, two-keeled and enclosed in the bract . There are one, rarely two bracts on the peduncle, which are just above the cover leaf, very large, conspicuous, almost woody and tubular. They completely enclose the inflorescence before opening, then tear open lengthways to reveal the inflorescence. They then fall off. At the top they have a firm, lanceolate beak. The peduncle is circular in cross section, short to very long and hairy differently. The following bracts are very inconspicuous. The inflorescence axis is shorter or longer than the stem. The first-order lateral axes have a pulvinus at the base . The higher order lateral axes, if present, have inconspicuous, triangular bracts. The flower-bearing axes (rachillae) are mostly protruding, flexible, glabrous to hairy and carry flower triads at larger intervals, distally single or paired male flowers. The triads are not sunken and have tiny, triangular bracts. The bracts of the single flowers are very small or not visible.
blossoms
The male and female flowers are similar and cream-colored.
The male flowers are narrower and longer than the female. The calyx is very short, flat, with three flat triangular tips or with three free imbricaten tips. The three petals are free, valvate and broad to narrow-lanceolate. The number of stamens is 3, 4, 6 or 9 to 32. The filaments are freely or differently fused, short to moderately long, and fleshy. The anthers are elongated, basifix, erect, with large connective . They open to extrors or latrors. A stamp rudiment is usually missing. The pollen is ellipsoidal and slightly to clearly asymmetrical. The germ opening is a distal sulcus. The longest axis measures 23 to 40 microns.
The female flowers are conical to pyramidal. The calyx is flat, very short and has three low, triangular lobes, or consists of three free, imbricate sepals. The three petals are free, valvate and triangular. The three to eleven staminodes are very short, awl-shaped, or rarely well developed and can possibly produce fertile pollen (some collections of Orania sylvicola ). The Gynoeceum is triple with three ovules and pyramidal shape. The three stigmas are short and bent back when the flowers bloom. The shape of the ovule is not known.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits develop from one, two or rarely all three carpels. They are orange, green, or dull orange to yellowish brown when ripe. They are spherical or slightly pear-shaped. If more than one carpel develops, each lobe is spherical. The scar remains are subbasal. The exocarp is smooth, the mesocarp thin or thick, fleshy and traversed by numerous short, radially arranged fibers. The endocarp is rather thin. The seed is spherical, attached at the base with an approximately circular hilum. The seed surface is slightly grooved by a network of fibers. The endosperm is homogeneous. The embryo sits subapically or laterally.
Distribution and locations
The genus is native to Southeast Asia. It occurs in southern Thailand , the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , Java , Borneo , the Philippines , Sulawesi , the Moluccas and New Guinea . Three species are native to Madagascar . The greatest biodiversity is found in New Guinea, and the Philippines are also quite species-rich.
Most of the species are large tree palms of the tree layer or the lower tree layer of the tropical rainforests in the lowlands and up to around 1700 m above sea level. Orania parva and Orania oreophila are smaller palm trees in the undergrowth of the forests.
Systematics
The genus Orania Zipp. is placed within the Arecaceae family in the Arecoideae subfamily and alone forms the Oranieae tribe. The genus is monophyletic . The Oranieae together with the Podococceae and the Sclerospermeae form a clade .
In the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , the following types are recognized:
- Orania archboldiana Burret : The home is the southern and central New Guinea.
- Orania bakeri A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is northeastern New Guinea.
- Orania dafonsoroensis A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is northwestern New Guinea.
- Orania decipiens Becc. (Syn .: Orania rubiginosa Becc. ): The home is the Philippines.
- Orania deflexa A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is eastern Papua New Guinea.
- Orania disticha Burret : The home is central and southeastern New Guinea.
- Orania ferruginea A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is western and central New Guinea.
- Orania gagavu vinegar : The home is southeast New Guinea.
- Orania glauca vinegar : It is native to northern and central New Guinea.
- Orania grandiflora A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is western and central New Guinea.
- Orania Lauterbachiana Becc. : The home is New Guinea.
- Orania littoralis A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is south-eastern Papua New Guinea.
- Orania longisquama (Jum.) J.Dransf. & NWUhl : The home is north-western and eastern Madagascar.
- Orania longistaminodia A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is northeastern New Guinea.
- Orania macropetala K.Schum. & Lauterb. : The homeland is northeastern and eastern New Guinea.
- Orania micrantha Becc. : The homeland is northern and central New Guinea.
- Orania oreophila vinegar : It is native to eastern and central Papua New Guinea.
- Orania palindan (Blanco) Merr. (Syn .: Orania moluccana Becc. ): The range extends from the Philippines to northern New Guinea.
- Orania paraguanensis Becc. : The home is Sabah on Borneo and Palawan of the Philippines.
- Orania parva vinegar : The home is central New Guinea.
- Orania ravaka Beentje : The home is north-eastern Madagascar.
- Orania regalis Zipp. : The homeland is western New Guinea and the Aru Islands .
- Orania sibuyanensis (Becc.) Adorador & Fernando : The species first described in 2019 occurs on the Philippine island of Sibuyan .
- Orania subdisticha A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is central Papua New Guinea.
- Orania sylvicola (Griff.) HEMoore : It is native to Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Java and Sumatra.
- Orania tabubilensis A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is New Guinea.
- Orania timikae A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is southwestern New Guinea.
- Orania trispatha (J.Dransf. & NWUhl) Beentje & J.Dransf. : The homeland is northeast and southeast Madagascar.
- Orania zheae Adorador & Fernando : The species first described in 2019 occurs on the Philippines island of Samar .
- Orania zonae A.P. Keim & J.Dransf. : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is western New Guinea.
Orania was first described by Alexander Zippelius in 1829 , the type species is Orania regalis . The generic name was chosen in honor of the King of the Netherlands Wilhelm Friedrich von Oranien-Nassau (Willem I. Frederik von Oranien-Nassau) (1772 - 1843). The tribe Oranieae was set up in 1955 by Odoardo Beccari , the type genus is Orania .
literature
- John Dransfield, Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis: Genera Palmarum. The Evolution and Classification of Palms . Second edition, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2008, ISBN 978-1-84246-182-2 , pp. 386-388.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Orania. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
