Oskar Kraus

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Oskar Kraus , contemporary spelling mostly Oscar, (born July 24, 1872 in Prague , Bohemia , † September 26, 1942 in Oxford ) was a Bohemian philosopher .

Life

Oskar Kraus was the son of Hermann Kraus and Clara Reitler-Eidlitz. Kraus later converted from the Jewish to the Protestant faith. In 1890 he began studying law and philosophy with Friedrich Jodl and Anton Marty , who introduced him to Franz Brentano's thinking. In 1895 Kraus received his doctorate in law, joined the financial procuratorial office in 1896 and married Bertha Chitz in 1899. In 1902 he completed his habilitation in philosophy. In 1909 he taught as an associate professor, in 1911 full-time, in 1916 as a full professor in the Martys chair. In 1939 he was arrested by the Germans while marching into Czechoslovakia and taken to a concentration camp; however, he is released and can flee to Great Britain. In 1941 he held Gifford Lectures at the University of Edinburgh . In 1942 Kraus dies of cancer.

plant

Kraus dealt with ethical questions about war during World War I and wrote important works in the field of international law literature .

Under the influence of Brentano, Kraus developed an a priori axiomatic of values, which he contrasted with the Marxist theory of values . In the field of economic philosophy, Kraus applied the psychological method and uses (in addition to his axiomatics of values) the summation principle and the hope value to evaluate opportunities.

In the field of legal doctrine , he fought historicism and positivism with reference to legal duty and duty in general and developed a legal hermeneutics .

His criticism of the theory of relativity was also known , the content of which he viewed as an accumulation of "absurdities" (such as the constancy of the speed of light ) and "mathematical fictions" constructed from them.

Kraus achieved great popularity with his [h] umoristic epic from high school life , the Meyeriade, consisting of 24 chants in hexameters , which Kraus wrote when he was only sixteen “originally in 1888 for the 6th grade pub newspaper [= 10th grade in Germany and Switzerland ] of the Graben-Gymnasium [wrote] ”and the“ [s] ch three years later [...] the Reclam Verlag in Leipzig [...] for its 'universal library' [took over]. "According to Egon Erwin Kisch it was Meyeriade around the turn of the century 1900 and for some time afterwards “next to the first part of 'Faust' and Schiller's 'Wilhelm Tell' [...] the most widely used volume from Reclam's universal library”.

Publications

  • ΜΕΥΡΙΑΣ. The Meyeriade. Humorous epic from high school life. Reclam, Leipzig 1891, (= Reclams Universal Library. 2980.) Numerous new editions. Also in: Heinrich Pleticha (ed.): Piarists and high school students. School life in old Prague. Vitalis-Verlag, o. O. [Furth i. Forest and Prague] 2001. (= Bibliotheca Bohemica. 40.) ISBN 3-934774-40-7 . Pp. 30-84. Ibid. P. 91–99 also Der Meyeriade twenty-fifth song. After 35 years, first published in Paul Nettl's Old Prager Almanach (Die Bücherstube, Prague 1926).
  • The need. A contribution to descriptive psychology, Leipzig 1894
  • On the theory of value. A Bentham study, Halle ad Saale: Niemeyer 1901
  • The doctrine of praise, reward, blame and punishment in Aristotle , Halle ad Saale 1905
  • The Aristotelian theory of value in its relationship to the modern school of psychology. In: Journal for the entire political science. 61: 573-92 (1905).
  • About an old-handed misinterpretation of the epideictic speech in Aristotle. Halle ad Saale 1905
  • New studies on Aristotelian rhetoric, especially on the genos epideiktikon. Halle ad Saale 1907
  • The right to punish. A legal philosophical investigation, Stuttgart 1911
  • Plato's Hippias Minor . Attempt to explain, Prague 1913
  • Marty's life and works. A sketch. In: Josef Eisenmeier , Alfred Kastil and Oskar Kraus (eds.): Anton Marty, Gesammelte Schriften. Vol. I, 1st department, Halle ad Saale 1916
  • The war, the question of peace and the philosophers. A lecture, Prague 1917
  • Franz Brentano . On the knowledge of his life and his teaching, with contributions from Carl Stumpf and Edmund Husserl . Munich 1919
  • On the debate on Gestalt psychology . Some critical statements, Lotos, Prague 69 (1921) 233-42.
  • Open letters to Albert Einstein and Max von Laue on the conceptual foundations of the special and general theory of relativity , Vienna 1925
  • The idea of ​​power and the idea of ​​peace in the philosophy of the Englishmen Bacon and Bentham, Leipzig 1926
  • Albert Schweitzer . His work and his worldview, Berlin 1926/1929. engl .: His Work and his Philosophy, trans. v. EG McCalman, introduced by AD Lindsay, London 1944
  • Bertrand Russell's Analysis of the Mind. In: Archive for the entire psychology, 75 (1930), 289–314, also in: Paths and deviations of philosophy, lectures and treatises by Oskar Kraus, Prague: Calve 1934, 37–61.
  • 'Festschrift contribution in: Th. G. Masaryk on his 80th birthday. Bonn 1930
  • Paths and aberrations of philosophy. Lectures and treatises, Prague 1934
  • The theories of value. History and criticism. Brno / Vienna / Leipzig: Rohrer 1937
  • Principles of Thomas Garrigue Masaryk's worldview, 1937

literature

Web links

Wikisource: Oskar Kraus  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gifford Lectures: Oskar Kraus ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Publications were taken from this source @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.giffordlectures.org
  2. ^ Heinrich Pleticha : Foreword. In: Heinrich Pleticha (Hg): Piarists and high school students. School life in old Prague. Vitalis-Verlag, o. O. [Furth i. Forest and Prague] 2001. (= Bibliotheca Bohemica. 40.) ISBN 3-934774-40-7 . Pp. 7-10. P. 8.
  3. ↑ Egon Erwin Kisch: What became of them. In: Heinrich Pleticha (Hg): Piarists and high school students. School life in old Prague. Vitalis-Verlag, o. O. [Furth i. Forest and Prague] 2001. (= Bibliotheca Bohemica. 40.) ISBN 3-934774-40-7 . Pp. 85-90. P. 87. First published under the title Die Meyeriade in Kisch's book Abenteuer in Prag (Strache, Vienna, Prague and Leipzig 1920, pp. 117–122)
personal data
SURNAME Kraus, Oskar
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Czech philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH July 24, 1872
PLACE OF BIRTH Prague
DATE OF DEATH September 26, 1942
Place of death Oxford