Ossip clear wine

Ossip (Joseph) Klarwein ( Hebrew יוסף קלארווין; * February 6, 1893 in Warsaw ; † September 9, 1970 in Jerusalem ) was a Polish-born German-Israeli architect who built in Germany, Palestine and then Israel . He designed in 1957 and later built the Knesseth with others .

Life

In Germany

Klarwein was born in Warsaw. His father Menachem Klarwein was a Hebrew teacher and devoted to Zionism . As Jews, the family emigrated from the tsarist empire to Germany because of the growing anti-Semitism in Poland and Russia after the failed revolution of 1905 . Due to his recognizable artistic talent, Klarwein studied architecture at the Technical University of Munich from 1917 to 1919 without obtaining a formal university degree (as a graduate engineer). In 1920 he learned from Hans Poelzig in the master studio for architecture of the Prussian Academy of the Arts in Berlin . From 1921 Klarwein worked in Fritz Höger's architectural office in Hamburg , and soon he had a leading role there as the main design architect . Höger's office also grew considerably in terms of personnel during these years with the increasing number of orders. In keeping with his position as an employee, Klarwein's designs were always published under Höger's name during this time.

Myra Warhaftig assumes that Höger won over the young Klarwein with its expressionistic architecture , “and that is how the two of them worked together harmoniously.” For Höger, Klarwein was “one of the very best” of his employees. Klarwein, who lived near Schwanenwik on the Alster and received a salary of over 1,000  Reichsmarks , was mostly put into perspective by Müller with Pitt chalk.

Via Ernst-Erik Pfannschmidt , an architect colleague of Klarwein who was also employed, and his father Ernst Christian Pfannschmidt , Höger was commissioned in 1928 to build the church on Hohenzollernplatz in Berlin. Höger had convinced with a plan of Klarwein, which Höger had submitted under his name in accordance with the contract. Klarwein's later friend, the architect Yehudah Lavie (née Ernst Loewisohn), confirmed in an interview that this church was a design by Klarwein. The building impresses with its separate expressionist campanile . The church tower on Hohenzollernplatz was planned in this design from the start. Shortly before construction began, Klarwein moved to Berlin-Halensee at Joachim-Friedrich-Strasse 47, just a few kilometers from the church. His presence in Berlin at the time suggests that he also looked after this building.

Ossip Klarwein also drew the competition designs for the later Wichernkirche in Hamm-Mitte (built from 1934). Höger assessed the designs as plagiarism based on a model photo by Hans Luckhardt and Alfons Anker that had already been published . Klarwein angrily packed his draft, finished it at home over the weekend and submitted it under the name of Fritz Höger; the work won first prize, and Höger presented it to all visitors as the best work in his office. The building was destroyed in air raids ( Operation Gomorrah ) in 1943 and replaced in 1954 by a new building by Wolfgang Manshardt.

Höger, who offered himself to the National Socialists, dismissed Klarwein because he was Jewish on January 1, 1933, albeit with several months' notice, but before he came to power . Klarwein therefore advertised a job application in the Bauwelt magazine . Höger wrote to his colleague Carl Winand in a letter on March 21, 1933 about Klarwein: “He is an excellent employee who can hardly be replaced by three others. He worked very well and completely complied with my mind; so that when he later becomes a self-employed architect, he will be a real Höger offshoot ... “Since Klarwein continued to work for Höger until the end of the contract, Höger feared a disadvantage in his efforts to serve the National Socialists with his architectural style. The anti-Semite Eugen Hönig , President of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts , wrote to the Reich Chamber of Culture on December 19, 1934 that a Jew, namely Klarwein, designed all churches at Höger , as the Hamburg architect Wilhelm Carl David Giese (1891-1939) told him have. Höger's opponents used this to intrigue against him.

In Palestine / Israel

Binjan haQranot (בנין הקרנות) in Haifa, 1935–1937 by Klarwein

In 1934 Klarwein emigrated with his non-Jewish wife Elsa, née. Kühne, an opera singer, and his son Mathias as part of the Fifth Aliyah to the British Mandate Palestine , as they no longer saw a future in Germany. They settled in Haifa . Klarwein changed his first name from the Slavic name variant Ossip to the Hebrew form Josseph (יוסף). Klarwein went into business for himself as an architect in Haifa. In contrast to other immigrants, he was very busy right from the start and often planned and built houses for other immigrants, some of them quite sophisticated buildings, often on Mount Carmel . As a university professor at the Technion , Klarwein trained the next generation of architects.

He participated in numerous competitions, of which he won and subsequently executed at least four, including the Binjan haQranot office and commercial building (בנין הקרנות; Fondsbau ) in Haifa's important shopping street Rechov Herzl. "The complex with shops and offices stretched between Gideon Kaminka's clock house in the east and the area of ​​the Technion by Alex Baerwald in the west along Herzl-Strasse, Haifa's main street." Like neighboring Baerwald buildings, the simple building is clad in limestone. “Klarwein only expressly opposed the orientalizing style of Alex Baerwald on the grounds:“ It contradicts the zeitgeist ”.“ In the 1940s, Klarwein moved to Jerusalem.

Grain silo Dagon in Haifa, 1951–1955, the design with squares standing on top, like at the Delmenhorst Clinic , is easy to see

Another Klarwein project is the Dagon grain silo, realized in 1951 (דגון) in the port of Haifa, a landmark of the city that can be seen from afar. The complex with its towers, holding 85,000 tons of grain, juts out from the surrounding houses like a port fortress. "For the first time he [Klarwein] had ornamental motifs engraved in the concrete outer walls, which resemble the clinker stone structure of the hospital built in 1925 [–1928] by Fritz Höger in Delmenhorst near Bremen ."

Most of his works are public and commercial buildings, as well as city and neighborhood zoning plans, scattered across Israel , but more concentrated in cities. The clients were often cities and municipalities, the mandate authorities and Zionist institutions, but also private clients commissioned Klarwein. Together with Richard Kauffmann and Heinz Rau, he designed the campus of the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus . In Nahariya he built his first cubic house, called the palace , as well as the town hall and the Hod cinema. In 1959, in Jerusalem, he built the Faculty of Law on the new Giv'at Ram Campus of the Hebrew University (now called Ross-Bau). All three buildings show Klarwein's turn to functional and objective architecture.

With the design of the Knesset building in 1957, however, he turned his formal language around. “He designed the building based on the ancient model as a temple with surrounding columns, whose rectangular cella core measures 84 x 66 m. One small and two large inner courtyards provide lighting and ventilation for the two-story building, which also includes two underground floors. However, Joseph Klarwein could not be very happy about the success of having received the first prize for this design, because there was fierce public opposition to the realization of this architecture. "

In HaOlam HaSeh Klarwein's design, Uri Avnery described it as boring in its neoclassical uniformity, out of fashion, un-Israeli, and it did not fit into the landscape of the Giv'at Ram. Avnery thought the award of Klarwein was a game between him and other members of the establishment, which was not true, Klarwein was too much of a loner for that. While many laypeople expressed their approval of the design, a storm broke out against the award-winning design among several hundred architects. A team of experts - the implementation committee - was set up to accompany the revision of the design and the construction, which Klarwein initially sent to Europe in order to gain suggestions for comparable buildings for its design. He found only the UNESCO building in Paris could serve as an example. It was unpleasant that when Klarwein returned in 1958, Zvi Cohen had to make changes to the design. In 1959, the members of the French Académie d'Architecture of 1840 chose clear wine as one of theirs. After further changes by other architects, Ram Karmi and father Dov, not much was left of the original clear wine, but the name stayed with him as the winner of the tender. "So the building was only completed eleven years later in a modified form in collaboration with the architect Dov Karmi ."

Klarwein died in Jerusalem in 1970. His son Mathias (Mati) was a surrealist painter.

Works

Knesset - 1966

Former Law School, now Ross Building, Hebrew University, Jerusalem

• 1931–1934: Evangelical Church on Hohenzollernplatz in Berlin (design and execution by Klarwein with official copyright by Högers)
• 1933–1934: Evangelical Wichernkirche in Hamburg (draft Klarwein, destroyed in the war)
• 1935–1937: Binjan haQranot office building in Haifa
• 1937: Tomb of the married couple Me'ir Dizengoff and Zina Brenner in the Trumpeldor cemetery in Tel Aviv
• 1945: Gravestone for Saul Tschernichowski in the Trumpeldor Cemetery in Tel Aviv
• 1950: new government district on the Giv'at Ram in Jerusalem (together with Richard Kauffmann and Heinz Rau )
• 1951: Tomb for Theodor Herzl on the Herzlberg in Jerusalem
• 1951–1955: Silo Dagon in Haifa
• 1953: Development plan for the Giv'at Ram Campus of the Hebrew University
• 1954: Central station (train station) in Tel Aviv (replaced by a new building)
• 1957–1966: Knesseth in Jerusalem
• 1958: Sports center and stadium of the Giv'at Ram campus in Jerusalem
• 1958: Israel Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair
• 1959: Faculty of Law (today Binjan Ross leMad'ei haTeva, בניין רוס למדעי הטבע; Ross Building for Science) on the Giv'at Ram Campus
• 1961: Beit Zvi Drama School in Ramat Gan

Gallery of buildings of Klarwein

Structures of Klarwein

Beit Zvi School of Performing Arts, Ramat Gan , 1961

Church on Hohenzollernplatz and parish hall, Berlin, 1931–33

Tomb of the Dizengoffs, Trumpeldor Cemetery, Tel Aviv , 1937

literature

• Myra Warhaftig : You laid the foundation. Life and work of German-speaking Jewish architects in Palestine 1918–1948. Wasmuth, Berlin and Tübingen 1996. ISBN 3-8030-0171-4 .

Web links

Commons : Ossip Klarwein  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Myra Warhaftig (מירה ווארהפטיג): You laid the foundation stone. Life and work of German-speaking Jewish architects in Palestine 1918–1948. Wasmuth, Berlin / Tübingen 1996, ISBN 3-8030-0171-4 , p. 294.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} Susan (Sheila) Hattis Rolef: משכן הכנסת בגבעת רם: תכנון ובנייה. In: קתדרה , Volume 96 (July 2000), here excerpts from their English translation, "The Competition and its Results, mid-1956 to mid-1958" , on: Knesset English Homepage , accessed on November 19, 2012.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Cf. Ernst-Erik Pfannschmidt in his letter to Eckhardt (Ekhart) Berckenhagen, June 29, 1977 (PDF; 25 kB) of the exhibition on the occasion of Höger's 100th birthday in the art library of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. ( Memento from December 9, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
4. ↑ Claudia Turtenwald: Fritz Höger (1877-1949). Architect between stone and steel, glass and concrete. Dissertation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster 2004, p. 17.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Claudia Turtenwald: Fritz Höger (1877–1949). Architect between stone and steel, glass and concrete. Dissertation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster 2004, p. 31.
6. ↑ Myra Warhaftig: You laid the foundation stone. Life and work of German-speaking Jewish architects in Palestine 1918–1948. Wasmuth, Berlin / Tübingen 1996, ISBN 3-8030-0171-4 , p. 294 and footnote 290 on p. 296.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} Myra Warhaftig: You laid the foundation stone. Life and work of German-speaking Jewish architects in Palestine 1918–1948. Wasmuth, Berlin / Tübingen 1996, ISBN 3-8030-0171-4 , p. 295.
8. ↑ Lotte Cohn : Richard Kauffmann, Architect and City Planner. [Richard Kauffmann: architect and urban planner (Ger.), Jerusalem: letter to Bath-Scheva Kauffmann, 1978; Engl.], Monika Iacovacci (ex.), In: Richard Kauffmann: Architect and Town Planner - Biography , accessed on October 28, 2012.
9. ↑ The jury, including Genia Awerbuch , David Anatol Brotzkus , Max Loeb (1901–1962), Chanan Pavel , Uriel Otto Schiller and Nachum Selkind , voted unanimously in favor of Klarwein's design. Compare Susan (Sheila) Hattis Rolef: משכן הכנסת בגבעת רם: תכנון ובנייה. In: קתדרה , Volume 96 (July 2000), here excerpts from their English translation, "The Competition and its Results, mid-1956 to mid-1958" , on: Knesset English Homepage , accessed on November 19, 2012.
10. ↑ ^{a b c d} Susan (Sheila) Hattis Rolef: "משכן הכנסת בגבעת רם: תכנון ובנייה" In: קתדרה , Volume 96 (July 2000), here excerpts from their English translation, "Two Wasted Years: Plans and Intrigues, mid- 1958 to mid-1960 " , on: Knesset English Homepage , accessed November 19, 2012.