Phaleros

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Phaleros ( ancient Greek Φάληρος ) is a person from Greek mythology .

myth

In the Attic genealogy, Phaleros was considered the son of Alkon and thus the grandson of King Erechtheus . Since his father, according to the Euboean tradition, was the son of Abas from Argos , who ruled over Chalkis , the myth of Phaleros is also closely connected to this landscape. According to Valerius Flaccus , Phaleros was threatened in his sleep by a snake, which his father killed with a safe arrow shot. Valerius Flaccus does not mention the father's name. He may be mistaken for the Cretan Alkon , Heracles' companion and famous archer, about whom a similar story was circulated.

In the oldest tradition, the Hesiod attributed Epyllion Shield of Hercules , Phalerus is a Lapith and, together with Theseus and Pirithous in the fighting against the Centaurs part. In the more recent tradition, however, he is only known as the Argonaut , but this is common.

In Athens he was revered as the eponymous hero of the port of Phaleron , and he is referred to several times as an Athenian. The Orphic Argonautics knows him as the Ktistes of the Thessalian Gyrton , which he founded from Mysia . According to Strabon , he was considered the founder of the Cypriot city ​​of Soloi together with Theseus' son Akamas .

Phaleros is also associated with the founding of the Lower Italian city ​​of Parthenope , the predecessor of Naples . Because in Alexandra , who is often assigned to Lycophron from Chalkis , an already existing "Tower of Phaleros" ( ancient Greek Φαλήρου τύρσις ) is mentioned at the place where the city was founded . Here, according to Alexandra and other authors, the siren Parthenope , who, like her sisters, had thrown herself into the sea because she could not drag Odysseus to ruin with her singing, washed ashore and buried. Stephanos of Byzantium also mentions Phalaron or Phaleron as the old name of Parthenope. Therefore, Phaleros is also regarded as Ktistes of this city, especially since Athens had a certain share in the new founding of Neapolis , which also had primarily a Euboean-Chalcidian connection.

Representations

A around 450 BC A fragment of a crater by the Greek vase painter Polygnotus , dated in BC , which was found in Taranto, shows Phaleros next to Theseus in battle with the Amazon Antiope . On a late 5th century BC lekythus found in Cumae . From the hand of Aison Phalerus fights next to Teithras against the Amazon Clymene , on a Lekythos of the same time position of the Eretria painter from Athens against Hippolyte . A representation of Phaleros can be found on a around 460/450 BC. Produced Pelike by the painter of the birth of Athena , who shows him together with Pompeus - by the name of Hermes as a companion -, Dosippus, Akamas and his brother Demophon in a scene of departure. It is associated with the beginning of a colony establishment, specifically the establishment of Soloi in Cyprus. According to a widespread, but not undisputed reconstruction, Phaleros was also represented on the shield of Athena Parthenos .

interpretation

It is uncertain whether the same figure can always be recognized behind all the myths about Phaleros. Argonauts legend and Amazon battles, the different foundations of cities associated with Phaleros testify to an ambiguity of character, which, depending on the narrative context, made him the bearer of different meanings.

literature

Remarks

  1. ↑ Apollonios of Rhodes , Argonautika 1.96; Hyginus , Fabulae 14; Orphic Argonautics 144.
  2. ↑ Ephorus Fragment 33
  3. ↑ Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1,398-402.
  4. ↑ Otto Hoefer : Phalerus . In: Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (Hrsg.): Detailed lexicon of Greek and Roman mythology . Volume 3.2, Leipzig 1909, column 2241 ( digitized version ).
  5. ↑ Servius , commentarius in Vergilii eclogas 5:11 ; Anthologia Palatina 6,331; Marcus Manilius 5.304-307.
  6. ↑ Pseudo-Hesiod, Shield of Heracles 179–180.
  7. ↑ Apollonios of Rhodes, Argonautika 1.96; Hyginus, Fabulae 14; Pausanias 1,1,4; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1,398; 4,654; 6,217; Orphic Argonautics 144.
  8. ↑ Pausanias 1,1,4.
  9. ↑ Apollonios of Rhodes, Argonautika 1.95; Hyginus, Fabulae 14; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 6,217; Strabo 14,6,3.
  10. ^ Orphic Argonautics 144.
  11. ↑ Strabo 14,6,3.
  12. ↑ Lykophron, Alexandra 717-718.
  13. ↑ For example Lykophron, Alexandra 712-738; Strabon 5,4,7; Pliny , Naturalis historia 3.62.
  14. ↑ Stephanos of Byzantium sv Φάληρον .
  15. ↑ See Flavio Raviola: Il mito di Phaleros, in quanto elemento di una convergenza e interferenza fra Atene e Neapolis nell'avanzato V secolo. In: Istituto per la Storia e l'Archeologia della Magna Grecia (ed.): Mito e storia in Magna Grecia. Atti del 36th Convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia. Tarent 4th-7th October 1996. Naples 1997, pp. 347-357; Rabun Taylor: The Cult of Sirens and Greek Colonial Identity in Southern Italy. In: Brita Alroth, Charlotte Scheffer (Eds.): Attitudes towards the Past in Antiquity Creating Identities. Proceedings of an International Conference held at Stockholm University, 15-17 May 2009 (= Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis. Stockholm Studies in Archeology. Volume 14). Stockholm University, Stockholm 2014, pp. 183–189, here: pp. 183–185 ( online ).
  16. ↑ John D. Beazley : Attic Red-figure Vase-painters. Volume 2. 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1963, 1030 No. 30.
  17. ↑ John D. Beazley : Attic Red-figure Vase-painters. Volume 2. 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1963, 1174 f. No. 6.
  18. ↑ John D. Beazley : Attic Red-figure Vase-painters. Volume 2. 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1963, 1248 No. 9
  19. ↑ Uta Kron :  Akamas and Demophon (13) . In: Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). Volume I, Zurich / Munich 1981, p. 338.
  20. ↑ Uta Kron: The ten Attic Phylenheroen. History, myth, cult and representations (= communications from the German Archaeological Institute, Athenian Department. Supplement 5). Mann, Berlin 1976, pp. 160-162; Erika Simon : Pompeus. In: Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). Volume VII, Zurich / Munich 1994, p. 361.
  21. ^ H. Alan Shapiro: Theseus in Kimonian Athens. The Iconography of Empire. In: Mediterranean Historical Review. Volume 7, 1992, pp. 29-49, here: p. 48.
  22. ↑ Tonio Hölscher , Erika Simon: The battle of the amazons on the shield of Athena Parthenos. In: Communications from the German Archaeological Institute. Ban 91, 1976, pp. 115-148, here: pp. 144-145; Aliki Kauffmann-Samaras: Phaleros. Héros athénien, fils d'Alkon, éponyme du port du Phalère. In: Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). Volume VII, Zurich / Munich 1994, p. 361.
  23. ↑ So Henning Börm : Phalerus. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 9, Metzler, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-476-01479-7 , column 728.
  24. ↑ Flavio Raviola: Il mito di Phaleros, in quanto elemento di una convergenza e interferenza from Atene e Neapolis nell'avanzato V secolo. In: Istituto per la Storia e l'Archeologia della Magna Grecia (ed.): Mito e storia in Magna Grecia. Atti del 36th Convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia. Tarent 4th-7th October 1996. Naples 1997, p. 351.