Philanthropinum Dessau

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Philanthropinum Dessau
Philanthropinum Dessau
Palais Dietrich
(location of the historical Philanthropinum)
type of school high school
founding 1774
place Dessau
country Saxony-Anhalt
Country Germany
Coordinates 51 ° 50 '17 "  N , 12 ° 14' 44"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 50 '17 "  N , 12 ° 14' 44"  E

Philanthropinum (also Philanthropin ) [from Greek  φίλος (friend) and άνθρωπος (man)] is the name of a school from the 18th century and a modern high school in Dessau .

The historical Philanthropinum

The Philanthropinum in Dessau existed from 1774 to 1793 and was the most important institution in the educational direction of philanthropism .

It was founded by Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724–1790) together with Christian Heinrich Wolke (1741–1825) and opened on December 27, 1774 in the Rautenstock house on Neumarkt. Originally the school was intended as a training center for educators , but became an educational institute for the sons of the nobility and wealthy citizens, at which new teaching methods were used that were recognized throughout Europe .

In addition to Basedow and Wolke, the Philanthropinum was shaped by educational reformers such as Ernst Christian Trapp (1745–1818), the first professor of education , and Christian Gotthilf Salzmann (1744–1811). From 1779 to 1787 August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome (1753-1833) worked at the school. The philologist and artist Carl Wilhelm Kolbe the Elder (1759-1835) taught French from 1780 to 1782 and from 1784 to 1793 for French and art at the Philanthropinum . The later famous poet Friedrich von Matthisson (1761–1831) also worked as an educator at the Philanthropin and wrote a children's play here for the children. Basedow and Wolke tried to engage Johann Peter Hundiker (1751-1836) at the Philanthropinum , but in 1775 the latter initially took over his late father's business. In 1804, Hundiker founded her own school based on the Dessau model, the Philanthropin in Vechelde near Braunschweig .

Basedow was able to win over the most important German graphic artist of the time, Daniel Chodowiecki (1726–1801), to produce a textbook, with Basedow and Wolke providing themes and sometimes also motifs. Chodowiecki created a large number of picture panels himself and supervised the work of other engravers. The resulting elementary work became a model for illustrated educational literature.

In 1776 Basedow resigned as head of the facility because he saw his goals not being achieved. In addition, he was apparently unable to hold the teaching staff together and to lead adequately. Basedow's successor was Joachim Heinrich Campe (1746-1818), who, however, left Dessau in 1777 after disputes. According to Campe, the school was run by a board of directors.

In 1777 parts of the Palais Dietrich were made available to the school by Prince Franz . From 1780 to 1793 the school used the entire palace.

Access to Philanthropinum was neither a confession nor to a state bound. Titles of nobility were not used. However, only boys were accepted. The equality of the students was visible to the outside through uniform clothing and short hairstyle.

Hereditary Prince Friedrich von Anhalt-Dessau (1769–1814) was one of the first three students . The Philanthropinum had the highest number of pupils with 53 children in 1782/1783, usually from families with enlightened parents, some of whom even came from Western, Northern and Eastern Europe. The middle class share of students made up around two thirds of the workforce during the establishment of the facility. After 1785, however, the school was almost a pure aristocratic school.

The lessons at the Philanthropinum were oriented towards practical life and included modern languages ​​and natural sciences , as well as subjects that included physical activities such as sport ( gymnastics ) and manual work, which for the first time played a major role as teaching subjects in German educational history. The philanthropists were also pioneers in the field of gender instruction. Basedow pointed out the great importance of this topic very early on; Johann Heinrich Wolke tried the instruction in practical lessons at the philanthropist; Salzmann later wrote the first monograph on sexual instruction and Joachim Heinrich Campe made two volumes available for this problem for his “General Revision”.

Although the founding of the school caused a sensation all over Europe at the time, there was no reform of the schools in Anhalt-Dessau . The reactions were quite controversial, but mostly appreciative. For Immanuel Kant , the philanthropist started a revolution in education and even a "reform of the bourgeoisie". Johann Gottfried Herder, on the other hand, said that he “would not give Basedow any calves to raise, let alone people”. Only with the return of the theologian Carl Gottfried Neuendorf , who had previously taught at the Philanthropinum , did fundamental changes and innovations take place against much resistance. It was the compulsory education and a tuition remission introduced and enforced a separation of school and church.

In 1793 the Philanthropinum was closed after the number of students had dropped sharply and tensions in the college had led to the departure of many teachers. In addition, financial and organizational problems had worsened. However, the concept of the school became the model for a variety of similar institutions. In Germany alone, more than 60 “Menschenfreunde” schools have been founded. There were other such institutions in France, Switzerland, Russia and North America.

The estate of the Philanthropinum is kept in the Anhalt State Library in Dessau .

Today's Grammar School Philanthropinum

Philanthropinum high school building

In 1945 the Hauptmann-Loeper-Gymnasium in Dessau was renamed Goethe-Oberschule III . There were no more high schools. In July 1945 the school moved to the old Palais Dietrich , which had already housed the historical Philanthropinum . Karl Schulze-Wollgast became the first director of the school. Under his direction, classes began there on October 1, 1945 for 142 students and eight teachers. From April 10, 1947, the school was allowed to carry the name Philanthropinum , which was intended to tie in with the progressive traditions of the Basedow Institute.

Due to the increasing number of pupils, the Philanthropinum first moved in 1950 to part of Oberschule VII in Mauerstraße and, since 1959 as the "Philanthropinum" extended high school , in 1961 to the building of the former municipal commercial secondary school in Friedrich-Naumann-Straße. There the lessons were carried out together with the students of the EOS “Rosa Luxemburg” until finally in 1968 both schools were merged under the name Extended Oberschule “Philanthropinum” . The Dessau Adult Education Center was also housed in the building for many years .

After the political change , the Philanthropinum became a grammar school again and the building was extensively renovated. After merging with other grammar schools, more than 1,000 students have now been taught by over 100 teachers and guest teachers. The population decline in the city of Dessau-Roßlau was also reflected in the falling number of pupils. The Philanthropinum currently has around 800 students and over 60 teachers. The current headmistress of the grammar school is Mrs. Astrid Bach.

Known students

literature

  • Daniel Schmidt: The educational state: the birth of the state school from the spirit of the Enlightenment. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2000, ISBN 3-7890-6774-1 .
  • R. Küster, G. Glock: Palais Dietrich in Dessau. In: Building renovation. 1997, baufachinformation.de
  • Christa Tietz: Carl Gottfried Neuendorf (1750–1798) school reformer on a princely order - time, life, work. Dessau calendar 2009, ISSN  0420-1264
  • Erhard Hirsch: Most of the new educational light came from Dessau. For the 275th birthday of Basedow and the 225th anniversary of the Dessau Philanthropin. In: Jörn Garber (Ed.): “The ancestor of all good schools”. The Dessau Philanthropinum and German Philanthropism 1774–1793. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-484-81035-8 .
  • Friedrich Koch : Sexuality, Education and Society. From gender instruction to emancipatory sex education . Frankfurt 2000.
  • Simone Hornung: Johann Bernhard Basedow and his philanthropist in Dessau. Grin Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-79515-9 .
  • Michael Niedermeier : The Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz as a cultural and literary center around 1780. In: Dessau-Wörlitz contributions. Between Wörlitz and Mosigkau. (Series of publications on the history of the city of Dessau and the surrounding area. 44). Dessau 1995.

Web links

Commons : Philanthropinum (Dessau)  - collection of images, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ destroyed in the Second World War in 1945
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h The Philanthropin and other educational activities in Anhalt-Dessau. Timeline, Education Server Saxony-Anhalt (online)
  3. ↑ a b c Philanthropinum Dessau. Estate and prints. 3125 sheets of the estate and 160 volumes of publications with 56,000 pages on 498 microfiches in a cassette. 1999, ISBN 3-89131-358-6 , information online ( Memento of the original from April 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.haraldfischerverlag.de
  4. ↑ Michael Niedermeier : Philanthropist and patriot: Kolbe as a political (language) teacher. In: Norbert Michels (Ed.): Carl Wilhelm Kolbe. Artist, philologist, patriot. Exhibition catalog. Dessau / Zurich / Paderborn. Imhoff, Dessau / Petersberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-86568-517-9 , pp. 133-149.
  5. ^ Michael Niedermeier: Matthisson as a teacher at the Philanthropin in Dessau. In: Erdmut Jost, Christian Eger (ed.): Friedrich von Matthisson (1761–1831). Poet in the age of friendship. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle / S. 2013, ISBN 978-3-95462-022-7 , pp. 29-43.
  6. ↑ Christoph Danelzik-Brüggemann: Learning with pictures. The Dessau Philanthropists and the Development of the Illustrated School Book. In: in the middle - Saxony-Anhalt in history. Exhibition catalog. Dessau 1998.
  7. ^ Father Franz, the creator of the Dessau-Wörlitz cultural landscape .
  8. ↑ a b c 60 years Philanthropinum Dessau . ( Memento of the original from May 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dessau.de
  9. ^ Philanthropinum: Currently 745 students. Mitteldeutsche Zeitung of December 27, 2012
  10. ↑ biography at weltdeswissens.de