Maritime Pine
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Maritime pine ( pinus pinaster ) |
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The maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster ), also Bordeaux-Kiefer , Hedgehog pine , star Kiefer , sea-pine , sea beach pine or beach pine called, is a plant of the genus of pine ( Pinus ) in the family of Pine family (Pinaceae). It comes from the western Mediterranean and can live up to 300 years.
description
Habitus
The maritime pine grows as a tree that reaches heights of 15 to 40 meters and trunk diameters ( diameter at chest height ) of up to 1 meter. The trunk is usually straight, but can have a saber-shaped curved base. Old trees hardly have any branches over the entire length of the trunk, as natural branch cleaning occurs early in closed stands. However, the trunks of free-standing trees usually have dead branches down to the ground. While young trees have a spherical crown , with age this becomes more irregular and spread out ovoid but never flattened. The crown is normally needled transparent, but appears dark green in Mediterranean origins and lighter in Atlantic origins. The long shoots are able to carry out one or more growth spurts per vegetation period and thus to develop one to several whorls . The strong main branches have a vertical growth direction in the first year, but later incline and then grow horizontally to the trunk.
The seedlings usually form six to eight cotyledons ( cotyledons ) from. These are bare and between 28 and 35 millimeters long. The relatively long hypocotyl of the cotyledons is purple to wine red in color. The numerous, light ash gray primary needles are serrated on the edge. The secondary needles are formed in the second year.
Root system
The maritime pine forms a strong and deep taproot that usually grows at a slight angle. The tap root is already longer than the shoot in annual seedlings. The flat lateral root system is also formed immediately after germination. Many of the side roots grow deep. The horizontally running roots form adventitious roots after injuries . An ectomycorrhiza is formed which favors the absorption of phosphorus and nitrogen and promotes growth. The most common mycorrhizal partners are the pale felling ( Hebeloma crustuliniforme ), Hebeloma sinapizans , the reddish lacquer funnel ( Laccaria laccata ), the bald krempling ( Paxillus involutus ) and the pellet bulb ( Suillus granulatus ).
bark
Even young trees have a thick bark . In older trees this is red-brown, deeply fissured and can easily be removed in panels. The underlying inner bark is wine red. Young shoots have a bare, reddish-brown bark.
Wood
The yellowish sapwood surrounds a reddish core that is not always clearly pronounced . There is a gradual transition between the broad-lumen early wood and the narrow-lumen late wood . The easily recognizable annual rings are up to 10 millimeters wide and very uniform. There are also false annual rings. There are numerous resin channels, especially in the transition area and in the latewood. The wood is not very durable. The abbreviation as commercial timber according to EN 13556 is PNPN.
| Parameter | value | unit |
|---|---|---|
| Bulk density (r 12 ) | 0.45-0.79 | g / cm³ |
| Shrinkage volume | 12.4 | % |
| Radial shrinkage | 4.2 | % |
| Axial shrinkage | 7.9 | % |
| modulus of elasticity | 13,500 | N / mm² |
| Compressive strength | 43 | N / mm² |
| Shear strength | 7th | N / mm² |
| Flexural strength | 83 | N / mm² |
Buds and needles
The approximately 3.5 millimeters long and 1.2 millimeters thick, egg-shaped winter buds are long, pointed and not covered by resin . The bud scales are reddish brown and ciliate white. The basal bud scales are curved outwards.
The more or less shiny dark green needles are up to 24 centimeters long, 2 millimeters wide and stand in pairs on short shoots . Its base is surrounded by a needle sheath up to 2.5 centimeters long. They are straight or slightly curved, finely serrated on the edge and sharply pointed. Two to nine resin channels can be seen in cross-section. Rows of stomata can be found on both sides of the needle . These are sunk and contain rod-shaped wax crystals in the atria. The needles stay on the tree for between two and four years before falling off at the beginning of summer or in dry periods.
Flowers, cones and seeds
The maritime pine is single-sexed ( monoecious ) and becomes male at the age of eight to ten . The 20 to 22 millimeter long male cones form instead of short shoots at the base of this year's long shoots in the middle and lower crown area. They are initially green and later turn pink to purple. They usually dust in April and produce large amounts of light yellow to pale pink pollen. This usually does not fly further than 24 meters in the existing population, and it is only transported a few hundred meters in the open. The female cones form in the upper crown area. The fertilization usually takes place in June of the second year. The cones stand individually, in pairs or in groups around the branch and are initially green and, as they ripen, have a shiny purple-brown color. They are almost sessile or have a short stalk and are between 10 and 12 inches long and 5 to 7 inches thick. The cone scales are rhombic to pyramidal in shape. Most of the cones open in the second year, but some remain closed on the tree for several years.
The oval and somewhat flattened seeds are 8 to 10 millimeters long and 3 to 6 millimeters wide. One side of the seeds is black, the other is gray with black dots. The bluish-red and longitudinally striped wing reaches three to four times the length of the seed and is attached around the seed. The thousand grain weight is 30 to 70 grams. The germination capacity of the seeds expires after two to three years.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Similar Art
The maritime pine is similar to the Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis ) found in the same area and is often confused with it, but in contrast to this it has sessile or only short-stalked cones.
Distribution and location
The natural distribution area of the maritime pine is in the western Mediterranean basin. It extends from Algeria and Morocco across the Iberian Peninsula north to the southern Atlantic coast of France and east to Tuscany and the Italian coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea . Mirov counts the stocks on the coast of Dalmatia and Greece with the natural range of the species. It is controversial whether some stocks in the coastal area of the Ionian Sea are natural or planted. Since the species has been planted for centuries, it is difficult to determine its natural range. Extensions were made in Australia and South Africa, among others.
The maritime pine occurs at altitudes from the coast up to 1,600 meters. It needs annual precipitation of 800 to 1,000 mm. The maritime pine is therefore not regarded as a strictly Mediterranean floral element, but rather as an oceanic-Mediterranean species. It is a warmth-loving light tree species and can withstand summer drought, but needs a certain humidity and summer rainfall of at least 100 mm. The species is only able to develop well under humid to sub-humid conditions. In their area of distribution, the rainfall is between 600 and 2,000 mm. The growth of maritime pine in regions with less rainfall is hardly affected, as it grows there in locations close to the groundwater. The species endures temperatures of over 40 ° C for a long time, but is subject to extremely low temperatures. The species usually survives late frosts without being damaged. The species does not place high demands on the location. In particular, sandy, silicate-rich or schisty substrates are colonized. The pH value of these locations is mostly below 5. Lime substrates are also colonized, whereby the subspecies atlantica avoids this rather than the subspecies pinaster . Light, nutrient-rich, deep and well-supplied soils are preferred by the species, but are subject to strong competitive pressure, which is why they usually switch to poorer locations. The seeds of this pioneer tree prefer to germinate on mineral soils and burned surfaces. The species is insensitive to sea spray and, to a certain extent, to saline soils.
The species usually grows in extensive pure stands, but occasionally forms mixed stands with the sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ), the black pine ( Pinus nigra ), the pine ( Pinus pinea ), the Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) and the holm oak ( Quercus ilex ).
Diseases and pests
Among the abiotic damaging factors, forest fires, frost and snow breakage are the most important. The maritime pine is less sensitive to immissions than the pine ( Pinus pinea ) but suffers from seawater spray contaminated with detergents , especially near the coast . These and other stress factors can lead to a complex disease, which manifests itself through needle failure, especially in the crown area, the death of branches, shorter needles and the so-called blooming effect. In the blooming effect, the number of needles is significantly reduced by the repeated strong attachment of male cones.
As the harmful fungi are pine blister rust ( Cronartium flaccidum ), the causative agent of Kienzopfes , the jaw rotary grate ( Melampsora populnea ) and the root sponge ( Heterobasidion annosum ) which red rot can cause, is important.
The scale insect Matsucoccus feytaudi is the most important of all insect pests. It occurs as a primary parasite in Spain, northern Portugal, southwest France, Morocco and parts of Italy and is spreading more and more to the east. The larvae of this scale insect suckle on the bark and secrete toxic metabolic products in the process, which cause necrosis and lead to disturbances in the assimilation balance , wood formation and lignification . Resin emerges from the easily recognizable, point-like necroses. First, young shoots begin to yellow near the base of the trunk. Later, young shoots that grow higher up also turn yellow. Furthermore, branches break off and the susceptibility to subsequent pests such as the pine weevil ( Pissodes castaneus ) increases. Fighting is difficult and is only carried out in park and street trees. The pine processionary moth ( Traumatocampa pinivora ) overwinters in relatively large and easily visible caterpillar nests on the tree. After the caterpillars leave their nests in spring, they feed on the needles. An infestation rarely leads to the death of a tree. The moth is possible mechanically by removing or damaging the caterpillar nests or biologically with the help of Bacillus thuringiensis . The bark beetle Tomicus destruens is a frequently occurring weakness parasite that lives in the summit shoots in winter and in the trunk and astrial bark in summer. Due to the mechanical weakening of the shoots, they often break off in wind and rain. An infestation can be recognized by small swellings and resin flow.
use
The pine wood and the resin are the economically most important products of the maritime pine. In the past the trees were mainly used to obtain resin. Since the use of resin reduces the timber yields of the trees, it was stopped almost everywhere. The wood is used to manufacture veneers, boxes, slatted crates, panels, parquet floors, posts and sleepers. It is also used as firewood, pit, paper and pulp wood as well as in shipbuilding, but is not suitable for carpentry . The low durability of the wood can be compensated for with wood preservatives . Needle oils , which arise as a by-product, are used in the chemical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Maritime pine bark extract is used as a dietary supplement and in cosmetics.
Systematics
The first publication of Pinus pinaster was in 1789 by William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis; or, a catalog ... , 3, S. 367. Synonyms for Pinus pinaster Aiton are: Pinus maritima Lam. non Mill. , Pinus glomerata Salisbury , Pinus laricio Savi , Pinus escarena Risso , Pinus hamiltonii Tenore , Pinus mesogeensis Fieschi & Gaussen .
The Pinus pinaster belongs to the Pinaster subsection from the Pinus section in the Pinus sub-genus within the pine genus ( Pinus ).
Subspecies
The species Pinus pinaster is divided into two subspecies and five varieties :
- Pinus pinaster subsp. atlantica H. Del Villar occurs from the Atlantic coast of Gascony in the north to southern Portugal. The subspecies usually has a straight and cylindrical trunk shape, great heights, a relatively thin bark and a broad and rather light green colored crown. Two resin channels can be seen in the needle cross-section. It prefers acidic soils.
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Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster (Syn .: Pinus mesogeensis Fieschi & Gaussen ): It occurs on the Mediterranean coasts of Europe and North Africa. Seven to nine resin channels can be seen in the needle cross-section. The subspecies is well adapted to calcareous substrates.
- Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster var. corteensis is sometimes called a separate species Pinus hamiltonii Ten. respected and occurs in the highlands of Corsica . This variety grows as a straight, narrow-crowned tree with relatively short and slender needles. The large, conically shaped cones are usually single.
- Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster var. cossyra occurs on the island of Pantelleria and has a short trunk with a curved base, a very thick bark, horizontal branches that are bent upwards, a dark green and mostly sparse crown and short cones. It grows slowly and is very resistant to drought and wind.
- Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster var. maghrebiana H. Del Villar occurs in the Atlas Mountains in Morocco.
- Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster var. provincialis H. Del Villar occurs in the Var , Esterel , Languedoc and Montes des Maures .
- Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster var. renoui H. Del Villar (Syn .: Pinus pinaster subsp. renoui (Villar) Maire ): It occurs in the coastal areas of Algeria and has two resin canals in the needle cross-section.
The two African varieties Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster var. maghrebiana and Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster var. renoui are classified as subsp. pinasters , but differ from European varieties in that they have shorter needles, longer-stalked cones and more xeromorphic structures.
According to Euro + Med, the species is divided into three subspecies:
- Pinus pinaster Aiton subsp. pinaster (Syn .: Pinus maritima Lam. (non Mill. 1768), Pinus pinaster subsp. atlantica Villar ): It is native to Portugal, Spain, France, Corsica, Italy and Sicily.
- Pinus pinaster subsp. escarena (Risso) K. Dir. (Syn .: Pinus escarena Risso , Pinus hamiltonii Ten. , Pinus laricio Savi , Pinus mesogeensis Fieschi & Gaussen , Pinus pinaster subsp. Hamiltonii (Ten.) Villar ): It occurs in Morocco, Spain, the Balearic Islands, France, Algeria , Corsica, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta.
- Pinus pinaster subsp. renoui (Villar) Maire (Syn .: Pinus pinaster var. renoui Villar , Pinus renoui (Villar) Gaussen ): It occurs in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
swell
- Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexicon of Conifers. Distribution - Description - Ecology - Use; the great encyclopedia . Nikol, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 471-480 . (Section description)
- Pinus pinaster at Baumkunde.de . (Section description)
- Christopher J. Earle: Pinus pinaster. In: The Gymnosperm Database. May 21, 2011, accessed October 20, 2011 . (Section description and systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 473 .
- ↑ Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 476-477 .
- ↑ Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 475 .
- ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 474-475 .
- ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 473-474 .
- ^ Tropicos. [1]
- ↑ Nicholas Ticho Mirov: The genus Pinus. The Ronald Press Company, New York 1967 (quoted from Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexicon of Conifers. Distribution - Description - Ecology - Use; Die Große Enzyklopädie . Nikol, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 . ).
- ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 472-473 .
- ↑ Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 477 .
- ↑ a b c Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 478-479 .
- ↑ Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 479 .
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ↑ a b Schütt, Weisgerber, Schuck, Lang, Stimm, Roloff: Lexicon of conifers . Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5 , p. 475-476 .
- ↑ a b c d Raab-Straube, E. von (2014): Gymnospermae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Data sheet Pinus pinaster
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Pinus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 16, 2019.
Web links
- Pinus pinaster in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2006. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Retrieved on 12 May, 2006.