Prime Minister of India

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Prime Minister of India

Bhārat kē Pradhānamantrī

Emblem of India.svg
Coat of arms of india
Flag of India.png
Flag of india
Shri Narendra Modi.jpg
Acting Prime Minister
Narendra Modi
since May 26, 2014
Official seat Prime Minister's Office
Term of office 5 years
(unlimited re-election possible)
Creation of office August 15, 1947
Last choice April 11, 2019 - May 19, 2019
Next choice April 2024 - May 2024
Salutation The Honorable (formal)
Mr. Prime Minister (informal)
His Excellency (in diplomatic correspondence)
Deputy Vice Prime Minister
Official List of Prime Ministers of India
website pmindia.gov.in
Lord Mountbatten swore in Jawaharlal Nehru on August 15, 1947 as India's first Prime Minister.
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi at the United Nations General Assembly , around 1988.

The Prime Minister of India ( IAST : Bhārat kē Pradhānamantrī ) is the leader of the executive branch of the Government of India and the Indian president appointed. The Prime Minister is also the main adviser to the President and Head of the Union's Council of Ministers. He can be a member of either of the two chambers of the Indian parliament , the Lok Sabha (People's House) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), but he must be a member of the political party or coalition and have a majority in the Lok Sabha.

The Prime Minister is the most senior cabinet member in the government executive in a Westminster parliamentary system . He selects and can dismiss the members of the cabinet, assigns the government members posts and is the chairman of the cabinet.

Origins and history

India follows a parliamentary system in which the Prime Minister is the Chairman of the Government and the Chief Executive of the Government. In such systems, the head of state or the official representative of the head of state (i.e. the monarch, president or governor-general) usually has a purely ceremonial position and acts on most matters - only on the advice of the prime minister.

The Prime Minister becomes a Member of Parliament (India) within six months of the start of his term of office, if he is not already a Member of Parliament. A prime minister is expected to work with other key ministers to ensure that legislation is passed by parliament.

history

1947-1984

Since 1947 there have been 14 different prime ministers. Not including Gulzarilal Nanda , who served twice as acting prime minister. In the first decades after 1947, the Indian National Congress (INC) dominated the political map of India almost completely. The first Prime Minister of India - Jawaharlal Nehru - took his oath on August 15, 1947. Nehru served as prime minister for 17 consecutive years, winning four parliamentary elections in India. His term of office ended in May 1964 with his death. After Nehru's death, Lal Bahadur Shastri , a former interior minister and a leader of the Congress Party, took office as prime minister. During his tenure, Shastri experienced the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Shastri subsequently died of an alleged heart attack in Tashkent after he had signed the Tashkent Declaration.

After Shastri, Indira Gandhi was elected the country's first female prime minister. Indira's first term lasted 11 years, during which she took steps such as the nationalization of banks, the end of allowances and political office given to members of the royal families of the former princely states of British India . In addition, there were events such as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the establishment of a sovereign Bangladesh, Sikkim's accession to India through a referendum in 1975 and the first Indian nuclear test in Pokhran during the first term of office in Indiana. In 1975, on Indira's advice, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared a state of emergency, giving the government the power to govern by decree; this period is known for human rights violations.

After widespread protests, the state of emergency was lifted in 1977 and general elections were to be held in India. After the end of the state of emergency, all opposition political parties fought together under the umbrella of the Janata Party in the Indian parliamentary elections in 1977 against Congress and successfully crushed it. As a result, Morarji Desai - a former deputy prime minister of India, became the country's first non-congressional prime minister. Prime Minister Desai's government was made up of groups with opposing ideologies in which unity and coordination were difficult to maintain. Finally, after two and a half years as prime minister, Morarji submitted his resignation to the president on July 28, 1979, and his government fell. Thereafter, Charan Singh , the deputy prime minister in Desai's cabinet, with external, conditional support from Congress , proved a majority in Lok Sabha and swore the oath as prime minister. Shortly thereafter, however, Congress withdrew its support and Singh was forced to resign; He served a five-month term, the shortest in the history of the office.

After a three-year absence, Congress returned to power with an absolute majority in the 1980 Indian general election. Indira Gandhi was elected Prime Minister a second time. During her second term, Operation Blue Star , an Indian Army operation within the Harmandir Sahib , the holiest site in Sikhism , was carried out that allegedly claimed thousands of lives. Subsequently, on October 31, 1984, Gandhi was shot dead by Satwant Singh and Beant Singh , two of her bodyguards, in the garden of their home at 1 Safdarjung Road, New Delhi.

1984-1999

After Indira, her eldest son Rajiv Gandhi , then 40 years old, was sworn in on the evening of October 31, 1984 , making him the youngest person to ever hold the office of Prime Minister. Rajiv Gandhi immediately called for a general election. In the subsequent parliamentary elections in India in 1984, Congress secured an absolute majority and won 401 of 552 seats in the Lok Sabha, the highest number any party has ever received in Indian history. Vishwanath Pratap Singh , first finance minister and then defense minister in Gandhi's cabinet, exposed irregularities in what came to be known as the Bofors scandal while serving in the Defense Ministry; As a result, Singh was expelled from Congress and formed the Janata Dal and - with the help of several anti-Congress parties - also the National Front (India) National Front, a coalition of many political parties.

In the parliamentary elections of 1989 , the National Front came to power with the support of the opposition through the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Left Front (CPI (M)). VP Singh was elected Prime Minister. For less than a year in office, Singh and his government accepted the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. Singh's term of office ended after he ordered the arrest of BJP member Lal Krishna Advani, whereupon the BJP withdrew external support from the government, VP Singh lost the subsequent vote of no confidence 146-320 and had to resign. After VP Singh's resignation brought Chandra Shekhar , the interior minister in Singh's cabinet, along with 64 members of parliament (MPs), the Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) on the stock market and proved with the support of the Congress a majority in the Lok Sabha. But Schekhar's tenure as prime minister did not last long, and Congress withdrew its support; Shekhar's government fell and new elections were announced.

In the Indian parliamentary elections of 1991, Congress formed a minority government under the leadership of PV Narasimha Rao; Rao became the first Prime Minister of South Indian origin. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , India was on the verge of national bankruptcy , so Rao took steps to liberalize the economy and appointed Manmohan Singh , an economist and former governor of the Reserve Bank of India , as finance minister. After that, Rao and Singh took various steps to liberalize the economy, which led to unprecedented economic growth in India. During his tenure as prime minister, however, he also witnessed the demolition of the Babri Masjid , which resulted in the deaths of around 2,000 people. However, Rao completed five uninterrupted years in office, becoming the first prime minister outside the Nehru-Gandhi family to do so.

After Rao's term ended in May 1996, the nation had four Prime Ministers in three years, two terms from Atal Bihari Vajpayee, one term from HD Deve Gowda from June 1, 1996 to April 21, 1997, and one term from IK Gujral from April 21, 1997 to March 19, 1998. The government of Prime Minister Vajpayee - elected in India's 1998 general election - took some concrete steps. In May 1998, after a month in power, the government announced that it would carry out five underground nuclear explosions in Pokhran. In response to these tests, many Western countries , including the United States, imposed economic sanctions on India, but with support from Russia, France, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and several other nations, the sanctions were largely viewed as unsuccessful. A few months later, in response to the Indian nuclear tests, Pakistan also conducted nuclear tests. Given the worsening situation between the two countries, governments tried to improve bilateral relations. In February 1999, India and Pakistan signed the Lahore Declaration, in which the two countries announced their intention to end their mutual hostility, intensify trade and use their nuclear capacities for peaceful purposes. In May 1999, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party withdrew from the ruling coalition of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA); the Vajpayee government thus became a caretaker government after losing a motion of censure 269-270 that coincided with the Kargil war with Pakistan. In the parliamentary elections that followed in October 1999, the BJP-led NDA and its affiliated parties secured a comfortable majority in the Lok Sabha and won 299 of 543 seats in the lower house.

2000 – today

Vajpayee continued the process of economic liberalization during his reign, which resulted in economic growth. In addition to developing the infrastructure and basic facilities, the government has taken several steps to improve the country's infrastructure, such as the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) and the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY; IAST: Pradhānamaṃtrī Grāma Saḍa ़ ka Saḍa ़ ka Yojanā; lit Prime Minister Rural Road Scheme), for road development. During his reign, however, local unrest broke out in Gujarat state in 2002, killing around 2,000 people. Vajpayee's tenure as Prime Minister ended in May 2004, making him the first non-Congressional Prime Minister to serve a full five-year term.

In the 2004 elections, Congress became the largest party in a suspended parliament; the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) led by Congress - with outside support, u. a. from the Left Front, the Samajwadi Party (SP) and the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), won a majority in the Lok Sabha and Manmohan Singh was elected Prime Minister, making him the nation's first Sikh Prime Minister. During his tenure, the country maintained the economic momentum gained during Prime Minister Vajpayee's tenure. Apart from that, the government managed to get the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005, and the Right to Information Act, 2005, through parliament. The government also strengthened India's ties with countries such as Afghanistan , Russia , the Gulf States and the United States , culminating in the ratification of the civilian nuclear agreement between India and the United States towards the end of Singh's first term. At the same time, during Singh's first term, the terrorist attacks in Mumbai in November 2008 occurred. In the 2009 general election, the UPA's mandate was expanded. However, Prime Minister Singh's second term was surrounded by allegations of high-level scandals and corruption. Following the defeat of Congress in the 2014 general election, Singh resigned as Prime Minister on May 17, 2014.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at the 2009 G20 London Summit.

In the 2014 parliamentary elections , the BJP-led NDA received an absolute majority and won 336 of 543 seats in Lok Sabha; the BJP itself was the first party since 1984 to win a majority in Lok Sabha. Narendra Modi, the Chief Minister of Gujarat, was elected Prime Minister, making it the first Prime Minister to be born in an independent India .

Narendra Modi was re-elected Prime Minister in 2019 with a larger mandate than that of 2014. The BJP-led NDA won 354 seats, of which the BJP secured 303 seats.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi (left) meets his predecessor, Manmohan Singh (right), around 2014.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the 69th General Assembly of the United Nations , circa 2014.

Constitutional framework and position of the Prime Minister

The constitution provides a scheme in which the president is India's head of state; in the sense of Article 53 with the office of Prime Minister as head of the Council of Ministers , who assists and advises the President in the exercise of his constitutional functions. Articles 53, 74 and 75 provide for the following:

  • The Union's executive powers are vested in the President and exercised either directly or through subordinate officials in accordance with the Constitution.
  • Article 53 Paragraph 1, Constitution of India
  • There is a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister who assists and advises the President who, in the exercise of his functions, acts in accordance with this Council.
  • Article 74, paragraph 1, Constitution of India
  • The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and the other Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  • Article 75, paragraph 1, Constitution of India

As in most parliamentary democracies , the president's duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and rule of law are upheld by the cabinet and legislature. The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and is responsible for executive power. The constitutional duty of the President, under Article 60, is to uphold, protect and defend the Constitution and the law. In the Indian Constitution, the Prime Minister is mentioned in only four articles (Articles 74, 75, 78 and 366), but he / she plays a crucial role in the Indian government as he / she has a majority in the Lok Sabha .

Appointment, Term, and Removal from Office

authorization

According to Article 84 of the Indian Constitution, which establishes the qualification in principle as a Member of Parliament, and Article 75 of the Indian Constitution, which establishes the qualifications for the Minister in the Council of Ministers of the Union and the argument that the position of the Prime Minister has been described as primus inter pares ( the first among equals), A Prime Minister must:

  • be a citizen of India .
  • be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha . If the person elected as Prime Minister is neither a member of the Lok Sabha nor the Rajya Sabha at the time of selection, they must become a member of one of the two Houses within six months.
  • Be over 25 years old if they are a member of the Lok Sabha or over 30 years old if they are a member of the Rajya Sabha.
  • not hold any for-profit office under the Government of India or any state government, or under any local or other agency under the control of any such government.

However, if a candidate is elected prime minister, he or she must vacate his post in a private or state company and cannot take office until after his term of office has expired.

First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi, 2014.

Official oath and secrecy

The Prime Minister is required to take and sign the oath of office and secrecy in accordance with the Third Schedule of the Indian Constitution in the presence of the President of India prior to taking office .

Oath of office:

“I, <name>, swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as set forth by law, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will carry out my duties as a Prime Minister for the Union faithfully and conscientiously and that I will do right to all sorts of people, in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favor, affection or ill will. "

- Constitution of India , third appendix, part I.

Oath of secrecy:

“I, <name>, swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will not, directly or indirectly, communicate or disclose to any person or persons any matter that is submitted to me for consideration as Prime Minister for the Federation or to me as Prime Minister for the Becomes known to the federal government, unless this is necessary for the proper fulfillment of my duties as such minister. "

- Constitution of India, Third Annex, Part II

Term of office and removal from office

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The prime minister serves "for the pleasure of the president," so a prime minister can remain in office indefinitely as long as the president has confidence in him. However, a prime minister must have the confidence of Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's parliament.

However, a prime minister's term can end before the end of a Lok Sabha's term if a simple majority of its members no longer have confidence in him / her, which is known as a vote of no confidence . Three Prime Ministers, IK Gujral , HD Deve Gowda and Atal Bihari Vajpayee were removed from office in this way. In addition, a prime minister can resign from office; Morarji Desai was the first prime minister to step down during his tenure.

After losing the qualifications to be a Member of Parliament under the Representation of the People Act, 1951 .

Prime Minister's power

Authorities under the direction of the Prime Minister.

Executive Powers

The Prime Minister directs the functioning and exercise of authority of the Government of India. The President of India - subject to eligibility - invites a person who seeks the support of the majority of Lok Sabha members for the formation of the government of India - also known as the central government or union government - at the national level and the exercise of their powers. In practice, the Prime Minister appoints the members of his Council of Ministers of the Union as President. They are also working to decide on a core group of ministers (known as the Cabinet) to be responsible for the important functions and ministries of the Government of India.

The Prime Minister is responsible for assisting and advising the President in the distribution of government work among various ministries and offices and in accordance with the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961 . The coordinating work is generally done in the Cabinet Secretariat. While the work of government is generally divided into different ministries, the prime minister can keep certain portfolios if they are not assigned to a member of the cabinet.

The Prime Minister - in consultation with the Cabinet - takes part in the sessions of the Houses of Parliament and, as the person responsible for the departments, in his capacity as Prime Minister of India, has to answer questions put to them by Members of Parliament.

Some specific ministries / departments are not assigned to anyone in the cabinet, but to the prime minister himself. The prime minister is usually always the person in charge / head of:

  • Ministry of Personnel, Public Complaints and Pensions (as Minister of Personnel, Public Complaints and Pensions)
  • Cabinet Secretariat
  • Cabinet Appointments Committee
  • Cabinet Committee on Security
  • Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
  • NITI Aayog
  • Atomic Energy Department
  • Department of Space
  • Nuclear Command Authority

The Prime Minister represents the country in various delegations, high-level meetings and international organizations that require the participation of the highest government office, and also addresses the nation on various issues of national or other importance.

According to Article 78 of the Indian Constitution ( Article 78 ) of the Constitution, official communication between the trade union cabinet and the President takes place through the Prime Minister. Another wise constitution recognizes the prime minister as a member of the trade union cabinet only outside the sphere of the trade union cabinet.

Administrative and Appointment Powers

The Prime Minister recommends names, among others, for the President to appoint:

  • Chief Election Commissioner of India (CEC) and other Election Commissioners of India (ECs)
  • Comptroller and Auditor General of India (C&AG)
  • Chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
  • Chief Information Commissioner of India (CIC) and Information Commissioners of India
  • Chairman and members of the Finance Commission (FC)
  • Attorney General of India (AG) and Solicitor General of India (SG)

As chairman of the Cabinet Appointments Committee (ACC), the Prime Minister decides - on the non-binding advice of the Senior Selection Board (SSB), which he chairs - about filling top positions in the Indian government with top officials, such as B. Government of India Secretary, the Additional Government of India Secretary and the Government of India Joint Secretary in the Government of India. Still in the same role, the Prime Minister decides on the allocation of top military personnel such as the Chief of Army Staff (India), Chief of Air Force Staff (India), Chief of Naval Staff (India), Chief of Naval Staff (India) and the Commanders of task forces and training units. In addition, the ACC also resolves to deploy police officers - the All India Policing Service, which fills most of the federal and state senior law enforcement positions in the Government of India.

As Minister of Personnel, Public Complaints and Pensions, the Prime Minister also exercises control over the Indian administrative service. (IAS), the main public service in the country, where most senior public service positions are held; the Public Company Selection Board (PESB); and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), with the exception of the selection of the director, which is selected by a committee of the CBI: (a) the Prime Minister as chairman; (b) the leader of the opposition in Lok Sabha ; and (c) the Chief Justice.

Unlike in most other countries, the Prime Minister does not have much influence on the selection of judges, which is made by a college of judges consisting of the Chief Justice of India, four senior acting judges of the Supreme Court of India and the list of acting Indian Chief Justice or the most senior judge of the relevant high court. However, the executive as a whole has the right to return a recommended name to the college for reconsideration, but it is not a full veto and the college can still bring up rejected names.

Legislative Powers

The Prime Minister acts as the head of the House of the House of Parliament - usually the Lok Sabha of which he / she is a member. In this role, the Prime Minister is expected to represent the executive in the legislature, he / she is expected to pass important laws and he / she is expected to address opposition concerns . Article 85 of the Indian Constitution gives the President the power to convene and terminate extraordinary sessions of Parliament, but this power is only exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister and his Council, so in practice the Prime Minister has some control over the affairs of Parliament .

Payment and benefits

Article 75 of the Indian Constitution gives Parliament the power to decide on the remuneration and other benefits of the Prime Minister and other ministers. and is renewed from time to time. The initial remuneration for the Prime Minister and other ministers was set in Part B of the second timetable of the Constitution, which was later deleted by an amendment.

In 2010 the Prime Minister's Office reported that he / she was not receiving a formal salary, but was only entitled to monthly allowances. That same year, The Economist reported that the prime minister was receiving an equivalent of $ 4106 a year based on purchasing power parity. As a percentage of the country's GDP (gross domestic product) per capita, this is the lowest of any country surveyed by The Economist .

Prime Minister's monthly salary and allowances
date salary
October 2009 ₹ 100,000 (US $ 1,400)
October 2010 ₹ 135,000 (US $ 1,900)
July 2012 ₹ 160,000 (US $ 2,200)

residence

The Teen Murti Bhavan was the residence of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

7, Lok Kalyan Marg, formerly known as 7, Race Course Road-in New Delhi, is now the official residence of the Indian Prime Minister.

The Prime Minister of India's first residence was Teen Murti Bhavan. His successor Lal Bahadur Shastri chose 10, Janpath as his official residence. Indira Gandhi lived at Safdarjung Road 1. Rajiv Gandhi was the first Prime Minister to choose Race Course Road 7 as the residence, which was used by his successors.

Air India One takes off from Toronto

to travel

The Prime Minister uses a heavily modified, armored version of a Range Rover for ground transport . The Prime Minister's motorcade consists of a vehicle fleet, the core of which consists of at least three armored sedans from the BMW 7 Series , two armored Range Rovers, at least 8-10 BMW X5s , six Toyota Fortuner / Land Cruisers and at least two Mercedes-Benz Sprinter ambulances consists.

For air travel, aircraft of the type Boeing 777-300ER with the callsign Air India One (AI-1 or AIC001) are used. In addition, several helicopters are used, such as. B. Mi-8 to carry the Prime Minister for short trips. These aircraft and helicopters are operated by the Indian Air Force .

protection

The Special Protection Group (SPG) is tasked with protecting the incumbent Prime Minister and his family.

office

The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) acts as the prime minister's main office. Located in the South Block, the office is a 20-room complex adjoining the Cabinet Secretariat (India), Ministry of Defense (India) and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (India). The office is headed by the chief secretary of the Indian prime minister, usually a former official, mostly from the Indian administrative service. (IAS) and rarely from the Indian External Action Service (IFS).

family

The Prime Minister's spouse sometimes accompanies him on visits abroad. The Prime Minister's family is also protected by the Special Protection Group.

After the Prime Minister's term

Former Prime Ministers are entitled to a bungalow, and former Prime Ministers are entitled to the same facilities as an incumbent cabinet minister, including fourteen secretarial staff for a period of five years, reimbursement of office expenses, six domestic business-class tickets per year and security coverage by the special protection group.

In addition, former Prime Ministers rank seventh on the Indian ranking, corresponding to Chief Ministers of States (within their respective states) and Cabinet Ministers. As a former Member of Parliament, the Prime Minister receives a minimum pension of ₹ 20,000 per month, plus ₹ 15,000 (US $ 210) for each year served if he / she has served as a MP for more than five years.

Several prime ministers have had significant careers after their term in office, including HD Deve Gowda , who remained a member of the Lok Sabha until 2019, and Manmohan Singh remains a member of the Rajya Sabha.

View of the funeral procession of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee on August 17, 2018 in New Delhi.

death

The prime ministers are granted a state funeral. It is common practice for states and union territories to mark a national day of mourning for the death of a former prime minister as a public holiday.

Commemoration

List of Things Named After Prime Ministers of India Several institutions are named after Prime Ministers of India. The date of birth of Jawaharlal Nehru is celebrated as Children's Day in India. Prime ministers are also honored on postage stamps from several countries.

Prime Minister Funds

The Prime Minister presides over various funds.

National Defense Fund

The National Defense Fund (NDF) was established by the Indian government in 1962 after the Sino-Indian War (1962 Sino-Indian War). The Prime Minister acts as the chairman of the Fund's Executive Committee, while the Defense, Finance and Home Affairs Ministers act as members of the Executive Committee, while the Finance Minister also acts as the Committee's treasurer. The Secretary of the Fund's Executive Committee is a Joint Secretary of the Government of India in the Prime Minister's Office who deals with the NDF issue. According to its website, the fund is "entirely dependent on voluntary contributions from the public and receives no budget support". Donations to the Fund are subject to Section 80G of the Income Tax Act, 1961 .

National Aid Fund of the Prime Minister

The Prime Minister's National Aid Fund (PMNRF) was set up in 1948 by India's first Prime Minister - Jawaharlal Nehru - to help displaced people from Pakistan. The fund is now used primarily to support the families of people killed in natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods, and secondarily to reimburse medical expenses for people with chronic and fatal diseases. Donations to the PMNRF are permitted under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act, 1961 . 100% tax deductible.

Vallabhbhai Patel was India's first deputy prime minister.

Deputy Prime Minister

The office of Deputy Prime Minister of India is technically not a constitutional office, nor is it mentioned in any law of parliament. But historically, different governments have appointed one of their senior ministers "deputy prime minister" on different occasions. There is no constitutional requirement for the post of Deputy Prime Minister, nor does the post provide any special powers. Usually high-ranking cabinet ministers such as the finance minister or the interior minister are appointed deputy prime minister. This post is considered to be the most senior in the cabinet after the Prime Minister and represents the government in his absence. In general, deputy prime ministers were appointed to strengthen the coalition governments. The first holder of this office was Vallabhbhai Patel , who was also the interior minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet .

Web links

Individual evidence

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  4. ↑ Bruce Bueno de Mesquita: Predictioneer's game: using the logic of brazen self-interest to see and shape the future . Random House, New York 2009, ISBN 978-1-4000-6787-9 ( worldcat.org [accessed April 20, 2020]).
  5. ↑ Vijay Sanghvi: The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi . Kalpaz Publications, Delhi 2006, ISBN 978-81-7835-340-1 ( worldcat.org [accessed April 20, 2020]).
  6. ^ History com Editors: Indira Gandhi becomes Indian prime minister. Retrieved April 20, 2020 (English).
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  15. ↑ Rediff On The NeT: Vajpayee, Sharief sign Lahore Declaration. Retrieved April 20, 2020 .
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  17. ↑ Manmohan Singh resigns bringing to an end his 10-year tenure - Times of India ►. Retrieved April 20, 2020 .
  18. ^ Landslide win for Narendra Modi in India elections . In: BBC News . May 23, 2019 ( bbc.com [accessed April 20, 2020]).
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  20. ^ India today. Living Media India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India 1975 ( lexisnexis.com [accessed April 21, 2020]).
  21. ↑ Barbara Crossette, Special To the New York Times: India's Cabinet Falls as Premier Loses Confidence Vote, by 142-346, and Quits . In: The New York Times . November 8, 1990, ISSN  0362-4331 ( nytimes.com [accessed April 21, 2020]).
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