Elven bells

Elven bells
	Prosartes smithii
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Lily-like (Liliales)
Family :	Lily family (Liliaceae)
Subfamily :	Calochortoideae
Genre :	Elven bells
Scientific name
	Prosartes
	D. Don

The plant genus Fairy Bells ( Prosartes ) belongs to the family of the lily family (Liliaceae). The six or so species are common in North America .

description

Stalked flower of Prosartes trachycarpa

Flowers of Prosartes hookeri

Flowers of Prosartes smithii

Foliage leaves and stalked flower of Prosartes lanuginosa

Appearance and leaves

The Prosartes species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . Creeping to more or less upright, mostly fluffy, hairy, slim, bulbous rhizomes are formed as persistence organs , on which the fiber roots develop. The more or less upright stems are branched in the upper area and bare and without glands. There are scales at the bottom of the stem.

Many sedentary to almost sedentary leaves are arranged alternately on the stem. The simple leaf blades are broadly ovate to lanceolate with a more or less blunt, heart-shaped to pointed base and a pointed to pointed upper end. There are at least three main veins and the second-order leaf veins are loosely arranged like a network.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are terminally in umbel-like inflorescences , which usually only contain one to four, rarely up to seven stalked, hanging flowers. There are two to five parchment-like bracts .

The mostly bell-shaped flowers are hermaphroditic, radial symmetry and threefold. The six identical, free bracts are convex and slightly arched at the top and are not durable. The color of the bracts is white to more or less green with a green base. There are two circles with three stamens each. The stamens inserted at the base of the bracts are glabrous and thread-like widened to their base. The linear, elongated dust bags can be moved freely. The three carpels are egg-shaped inverted to a narrow ellipsoidal up, Upper permanent, dreikammerigen ovary grown. Each ovary chamber contains two to six hanging (hence the genus name Prosartes ) or horizontal ovules . The slim and threadlike style ends in a simple or weakly three-lobed stigma and can extend beyond the perianth in some species.

Fruits and seeds

The fruit stalk is relatively thin. The more or less fleshy berries turn straw-colored, orange to red when ripe. The smooth, ellipsoidal to elongated seeds are white to light yellow or orange-brown.

Chromosome numbers

The basic chromosome number is x = 6, 8, 9, 11.

Systematics and distribution

The Prosartes species are common in North America.

The genus Prosartes was established in 1839 by David Don in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London , Volume 1, p. 48 for two species that were previously classified in the Streptopus . Prosartes lanuginosa (Michx.) D.Don ( Basionym Streptopus lanuginosus Michx.) By Ludwig Georg Karl Pfeiffer , nom. 2, p. 841, was specified as the lectotype species in 1874 . The genus name Prosartes is derived from the Greek word prosarto for "to attach", this refers to the hanging ovules of the type species. A synonym for Prosartes D.Don is Lethea Noronha nom. inval.

The genus Prosartes belongs to the subfamily Calochortoideae within the family Liliaceae ; earlier it belonged to the families Calochortaceae, Convallariaceae or Uvulariaceae. These North American species were sect as the Disporum Section until 1994 . Prosartes (D.Don) Jones placed in the otherwise Asian genus Disporum , which is now part of the Colchicaceae family.

There are about six types of Prosartes :

Prosartes hookeri Torr. : It thrives in cool, damp, shady forests and thickets at altitudes between 100 and 2000 meters in eastern North America, from Alberta and British Columbia to Oregon , Washington , Montana , Idaho , California and the Porcupine Mountains in Michigan .
Prosartes lanuginosa (Michx.) D.Don : It thrives mainly in damp forests at altitudes between 200 and 1,600 meters from southern Ontario to the eastern United States.
Prosartes maculata (Buckley) A.Gray : This rare species thrives in old, damp deciduous forests, ravines and on slopes at altitudes between 100 and 800 meters in eastern North America.
Prosartes parvifolia S. Watson : It occurs from southwest Oregon to northwest California .
Prosartes smithii (Hook.) Utech, Shinwari & Kawano : It thrives in damp, shady forests in the coastal mountains at altitudes between 0 and 200 meters. It occurs in eastern North America in British Columbia , California, Oregon and Washington .
Prosartes trachycarpa S.Watson : It thrives in shady deciduous forests, aspen groves to open coniferous forests at altitudes between 300 and 2500 meters. Except for one population, this species occurs only in western North America.

use

Nothing is known about the use of Prosartes species.

swell

Frederick H. Utech: Prosartes , p. 142 - same text online as printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press , New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5 (section description, distribution and systematics)
ZK Shinwari, R. Terauchi, FH Utech & S. Kawano: Recognition of the New World Disporum Section Prosartes as Prosartes (Liliaceae) Based on the Sequence Data of the rbcL Gene , In: Taxon , Volume 43, Issue 3, 1994, p 353-366. doi : 10.2307 / 1222713 (section description, distribution and systematics)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Michael R. Mesler & Robin Bencie: Entry at Jepson eFlora .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Frederick H. Utech: Prosartes , p. 142 - same text online as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
^ Prosartes at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 19, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Prosartes. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 3, 2014.
^ Prosartes in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
↑ M. Mesler, et al .: A resurrection for Siskiyou Bells, Prosartes parvifolia (Liliaceae), a rare Siskiyou Mountains endemic , In: Madroño , Volume 57, 2, 2010, pp. 129-35.

Web links

Commons : Elfenblöckchen ( Prosartes ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[Jepson-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Michael R. Mesler & Robin Bencie: Entry at Jepson eFlora .

[FoNA-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Frederick H. Utech: Prosartes , p. 142 - same text online as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5

[biodiversitylibrary-3] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[tropicos-4] Prosartes at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 19, 2013.

[WCSP-5] Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Prosartes. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 3, 2014.

[GRIN-6] Prosartes in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 19, 2013.

[Mesler2010-7] M. Mesler, et al .: A resurrection for Siskiyou Bells, Prosartes parvifolia (Liliaceae), a rare Siskiyou Mountains endemic , In: Madroño , Volume 57, 2, 2010, pp. 129-35.