Protests in Venezuela since 2014

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Protest against the government of Nicolas Maduro in Maracaibo .

The protests in Venezuela began with actions by students and members of the middle class, who had been publicly protesting against the Venezuelan government under Nicolás Maduro since February 2014 . The protests subsided after a few months with no result. In 2015, the opposition won a majority in Venezuela's parliament (see parliamentary elections in Venezuela 2015 ). President Maduro tried every possible means to prevent parliament from its legislative work. A democratic referendum to vote Maduro out was prevented, which is why there were nationwide demonstrations in 2016. The demonstrations flared up again in April 2017 after Venezuela's Supreme Court ( Tribunal Superior de Justicia ) dissolved the opposition-dominated parliament and shifted legislative powers to itself. Although the decision was withdrawn a few days later because of international protests and "at the request" of President Maduro, these events were the reason for renewed massive street protests against the socialist government, in which at least 26 people were killed in April 2017. The protest received additional support from former and current Chavists when Nicolas Maduro convened a constituent assembly on May 1st .

background

Protests 2014

The background to the protests in 2014 was persistent inflation, high crime, high levels of corruption and a lack of everyday necessities. The inflation was one with 57% among the highest worldwide. Economic growth of 2% in 2013 was low for an emerging country, and a recession was even feared for 2014 . The budget deficit was around 11%. Venezuela should have only exported oil for a maximum of 55 billion US dollars instead of 90 billion US dollars. The current account balance is given as 20 billion US dollars. However, it was assumed that the balance sheet was negative by 15 to 20 billion US dollars last year. Against this background, experts suspect even then that the country could face payment difficulties between 2014 and 2017.

The murder rate in 2014 was very high. According to one estimate, 22,000 and 73 out of 100,000 people died violently in 2012. State security forces are absent or corrupt in many areas, which has led to the spread of vigilante justice . According to surveys, one in three people should have the opportunity to commission a murder. The government is trying to counter this with a zero tolerance policy , with the result that prisons are drastically overcrowded. Nevertheless, according to the Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia, 90% of all crimes are never solved.

Transparency International ranked Venezuela 165th out of 175 ranks for corruption. The government has distributed many posts among its supporters in recent years. 300 million US dollars from oil revenues have disappeared due to corruption.

Protests 2017

Disempowerment of parliament

On March 29, 2017, the Supreme Court overthrew the opposition-dominated parliament and lifted the immunity of all parliamentarians (judgments 155 and 156). The court transferred legislative power to itself. The separation of powers was now practically abolished. The ruling was justified with the alleged electoral fraud by the opposition in the 2015 parliamentary elections and the swearing-in of the controversial MPs (which, however, had been reversed by Parliament itself). Without the MPs elected there, there was no longer a two-thirds majority in the opposition. Three days after the dissolution of parliament, on April 1, the court partially overturned its decision "at the request" of President Maduro. Previously, in addition to abroad, the attorney general Luisa Ortega Díaz, who was considered loyal to the line, had criticized the court decision as unconstitutional. On April 7, opposition leader Henrique Capriles was banned from holding public office for 15 years because of alleged financial irregularities in the state of Miranda he ruled .

On August 18, 2017, the opposition-dominated parliament was officially ousted. The pro-government Constituent Assembly adopted a decree giving the body the role of parliament. This means that Parliament no longer has any decision-making power. At the same time, investigations were launched against Julio Borges and Freddy Guevara , President and Vice-President of Parliament. They are accused of resisting President Maduro. Previously, the Congress leadership refused to swear allegiance to the Constituent Assembly.

In early November 2017, the de facto institutions of the Supreme Court and the Constituent Assembly withdrew parliamentary immunity from the vice-president of the de jure parliament, Freddy Guevara. This was another step taken by the Maduro regime in the complete smashing of the parliament elected in 2015.

Constituent Assembly

On May 1, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro announced that he would convene a Constituent Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional Constituyente ) for July 30, 2017 . According to Article 349 of the Venezuelan Constitution , such an assembly is above all institutions; it can thus reshape the state, dissolve institutions, govern and rewrite the constitution. According to Article 347, however, only the voter can convene a constituent assembly; according to Article 348, the President can only recommend that the voter convene (e.g. by means of a referendum). The fact that the president himself called the meeting on May 1, 2017, fueled the protests. Trade unions, employers' associations, parliament, student associations and the public prosecutor's office condemned the unilateral convocation as a coup .

The election on July 30, 2017 was accompanied by violent riots. Judicial authorities said at least eight people were killed, while the opposition estimated 15 fatalities. The head of the National Electoral Commission, Tibisay Lucena, said that eight million Venezuelans had cast their vote (41.5 percent turnout). A total of around 50,000 people applied for a seat in the Constituent Assembly, of which 6100 candidacies were declared valid. The criteria for admission to the election had been drawn up by Maduro, who rated the election as a "success". The election was viewed by the US as "illegal" and financial sanctions were soon passed against the president, but not sanctions affecting Venezuela's oil sector. Germany and the European Union also criticized the election, while Cuba, Bolivia and Nicaragua supported Maduro.

Prosecutor General Luisa Ortega Díaz opened investigations against the government and the electoral authority on suspicion of millions of electoral fraud . She is considered one of the faces of the protests and had also criticized Maduro's plans for a constituent assembly. Smartmatic, the company responsible for voting computers, reported that the difference between the actual votes cast and the official turnout was "at least one million". President Maduro contradicted the allegations and the constituent session of the new Constituent Assembly, which has 545 members, took place on August 4, 2017. Previously, on the morning of August 4, the attorney general had submitted an urgent motion to ban the planned constituent meeting. Pope Francis , who came from South America, had also called on Maduro to renounce the controversial meeting. In Venezuela, 95 percent of the 31 million citizens are Catholic.

Protests 2019

Interim President 2019

In January 2019, the President of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó , constitutionally declared himself interim president in the event that the government fails to fulfill its duties. During these renewed street protests in January 2019, 26 people died within the four days until January 24, when the President of the United States , Donald Trump , recognized Guaidó, as did the neighboring countries Colombia and Brazil and other OAS states . The Venezuelan Bishops' Conference had previously declared Maduro's presidency illegitimate and granted parliament sole authority and legitimation.

Maduro had not taken the oath of office for his controversial second term in office, but according to the Venezuelan attorney general Luisa Ortega, who was deposed in 2017 for her criticism, "unconstitutionally" before the highest court loyal to him. On January 15, 2019, the National Assembly of Venezuela declared future government decisions to be null and void.

International reactions

2014

In a general audience in March 2014 , the Pope called on all Venezuelans to end the violence and expressed the hope that politicians and institutions would work for national reconciliation. The UN expressed concern about the situation in Venezuela, and Ban Ki-moon called on those involved to resolve differences of opinion peacefully.

2017

On July 12, a group of EU parliamentarians declared that they would not recognize the forced constituent assembly. On the same day (July 12th) the Socialist International unanimously passed a resolution calling on Nicolas Maduro to cancel the unauthorized convocation of the Constituent Assembly.

On July 17, the Federal Republic of Germany, through the Foreign Office, called on Nicolas Maduro to recognize the result of the informal referendum of July 16 and to cancel the unconstitutional convocation of a constituent assembly. On the same day, EU foreign affairs representative Federica Mogherini also called on the Venezuelan government to do so. Federica Mogherini mentioned that sanctions could not be ruled out if the unconstitutional constituent assembly were to meet. The President of the United States , Donald Trump , announced concrete economic sanctions should the compulsory constituent assembly rule Venezuela unconstitutionally.

On August 21, the German Foreign Office said that the new de facto government of Venezuela (the constituent assembly) had taken over the legislative powers of the Venezuelan National Assembly. For the German Foreign Office this is "a further step in the systematic undermining of the democratic and constitutional order in Venezuela".

At the end of August 2017, the United Nations presented a report via the UNHCHR on systematic human rights violations and intimidation by the Venezuelan security forces and government militias during the protests from April 1 to July 30. In particular, the report mentions that 124 people were violently killed in the protests and that 609 civilians were brought before military courts rather than civil courts.

At the beginning of September 2017, the President of the Venezuelan Parliament, Julio Borges , was received by several European heads of government ( Mariano Rajoy , Emmanuel Macron , Angela Merkel and Theresa May ), who promised him support in the peaceful restoration of constitutionality. These European countries also supported the procedure of the Parliament of Venezuela in 2019.

2019

Protesters express their support for Guaidó in Montreal (Canada) on February 2, 2019. The Nicaragua flags are particularly noticeable.

Numerous governments (including the majority of South American and European countries as well as the USA and Canada) recognized Juan Guaidó as interim president. On February 2, demonstrations took place in Venezuela and around the world in support of Guaidó.

Course 2014

February

The protests were triggered by the attempted rape of a student on February 6th, with students taking to the streets first in the Andean regions. On February 12th, thousands of students demonstrated in large cities, as did supporters of Maduro. According to social media reports, several people were injured on both sides when security forces tried to disperse the protesters. Prosecutor Luisa Ortega Díaz has confirmed two deaths, one of the victims was shot in the head. On February 13th, thousands of students were again on the streets. An arrest warrant had been issued against the politician Leopoldo López , and his party office was also searched by the secret service. Even Twitter has been tampered with on the same day by the government, as many demonstrators photos that documented the violence of police officers, have uploaded. Reports first emerged on February 14 that detained students were being tortured with electricity. On February 15, it turned out that government opponents were also manipulating photos. Photos of protests from Chile and Greece, for example, have emerged, which document alleged actions by Venezuelan security forces. On February 14th and 15th, thousands of demonstrators blocked the highway, with police using tear gas. On the night of February 15-16, the house of Leopoldo López and his parents was searched by the secret service. López, however, provoked the government with a video message and called for further demonstrations. Should he be arrested, he announced that the situation would explode. Further human rights violations became known that day. There were allegations that a student was anally raped. Another student had to orally satisfy his kidnapper in captivity.

National Guard holds a protester.

For the first time, the protests also had diplomatic consequences. Three US consulate officials were told to leave the country within 48 hours. Several demonstrators were shot at on February 18, including Génesis Carmona, the "Miss Turismo Carabobo 2013", who died of her injuries the following day. Leopoldo López has been arrested by the National Guard after speaking at a rally. In the state of Táchira , the Venezuelan Interior Minister Miguel Rodríguez Torres mobilized paratroopers on February 20 to protect the border with Colombia . Military planes and helicopters have also been spotted flying over San Cristóbal . On February 23, the government wanted to arrest the former General Ángel Vivas . He was charged with murder and training protesters. 30 men turned up in front of his house. Vivas threatened to shoot anyone who approached the entrance. On February 24th, various streets in Caracas were blocked by the demonstrators with barricades. When the police arrived, the demonstrators disappeared to set up new barricades elsewhere. In Valencia, however, demonstrators defended their barricades against the approaching police. Meanwhile, the carnival events were canceled in 20 cities ruled by oppositional mayors. Regardless of this, Maduro declared February 27 a day off.

On February 26, women, the so-called Mujeres de Venezuela , called for a peaceful protest. During their demonstration, they demanded that the military stop violence against the students. The police were cautious about the women. María Corina Machado and López's wife, Lilian Tintori , also took part in the rally . In Táchira, however, a statue of Hugo Chavez was beheaded. On March 2nd, many young people took to the streets to voice their demands. The arrested demonstrators were also requested to be released. Meanwhile, Maduro released dozens of demonstrators and a journalist from custody. A total of 20,000 people are said to have demonstrated on the day.

March

On March 20, opposition mayor Vicencio Scarano Spisso was sentenced to ten and a half months imprisonment for failure to obey orders. According to the judge, Scarano would not have followed the order of the Higher Court, according to which the subordinate municipal police had to remove the barricades of the students. Defense lawyers replied that the local police would not have the authority to remove barricades if there were demonstrators and that the national police would have to move in if that was the case. Various opposition politicians claimed that Maduro's government only wanted to eliminate Scarano. The National Council called for new elections in the community of San Diego .

May

On May 8, the Venezuelan military dissolved the student camps. Over 243 students were arrested.

Course 2016

September

In September 2016, hundreds of thousands demonstrated against the delay in the election referendum against the president.

October

In October, tens of thousands of people took to the streets to protest against the unconstitutional cancellation of the referendum.

Course 2017

Demonstration against the government in Caracas on May 3, 2017. On the right the red flag of the Marxist-Leninist party Bandera Roja (BR).

April

On April 19, 2017, demonstrators used stones and Molotov cocktails in clashes with security forces in Caracas. Police and National Guard use tear gas and rubber bullets to break up the demonstrations. In Caracas, a 17-year-old member of the opposition was shot in the head by armed motorcyclists. He died from his injuries in the hospital. A 23-year-old woman also died from gunshot wounds to unknown motorcyclists in the western city of San Cristóbal , capital of the state of Táchira . Unrest with numerous injuries has also been reported in the states of Zulia , Carabobo , Mérida and Anzoátegui .

20./21. April: Twelve people were killed and six injured in nightly riots in Caracas. Looting and fire damage occurred in the El Valle district . Eight people were electrocuted from a high-voltage cable when they tried to steal a refrigerator in a bakery. Other protesters were shot dead.

President Maduro announced that the "colectivos", militias loyal to the regime, would increase to 500,000 men and arm everyone. Nobody knows exactly where these repressive paramilitary groups get their orders from.

May

On May 1, 2017, Maduro announced that he would call a 500-member constituent assembly to draft a new constitution. Parliament or the opposition should not be involved in the selection of members. There were also demonstrations against this and by May 6, 2017, a total of 37 people had died in all protests.

On May 7, 2017, Liborio Guarulla , the head of government of the state of Amazonas ( State of Amazonas ), like Henrique Capriles before that, was excluded from political office by the Venezuelan federal government for 15 years.

When trying to arriving in New York in order before the United Nations Commission on Human Rights to report on his view of the current situation in Venezuela, the opposition leader was Henrique Capriles of passport invalidated, and thus refused to leave. After riots broke out in Colonia Tovar , which was founded by German emigrants , the city was placed under military control on May 19, 2017.

June

On June 27, there was an alleged helicopter attack on the Supreme Court building, which was in session. Hand grenades were thrown, but they did not explode. The fact that the incident was staged by the government cannot be ruled out. The group around Óscar Pérez confessed to the action.

July

At the beginning of July, the number of people killed in the protests rose to 90. Prosecutor General Luisa Ortega Díaz criticized that the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Defense were hindering her investigations against national guards, police and pro-government militias.

On July 5, paramilitary revolutionary militias stormed parliament. A meeting to organize a referendum on the unconstitutional calling of the Constituent Assembly should be disrupted. Despite the disturbance, parliament agreed to ask the people on July 16. Several MPs and some attackers were injured in the attack. The revolutionary militia Movimiento Revolucionario 23 de Octubre (Revolutionary Movement October 23) was identified among the attackers, and some attackers waved the black flags of this organization. The ruling party PSUV defended the attack, according to their statements peaceful citizens wanted to submit a letter to parliament.

On July 9, four leaders from the critical Chavismus , namely Germán Ferrer ( PSUV ), Eustoquio Contreras ( Vanguardia Bicentenaria Republicana ), Gabriela Ramírez and Nicmer Evans ( Marea Socialista ), gave a press conference at which they the unilateral and unconstitutional convocation of the constituents Assembly by Nicolas Maduro and expressed their support for the referendum that Parliament has announced for July 16. In July, the movement of non-polarized parties (Movimiento de partidos despolarizados) called on Nicolas Maduro's government to cancel the unconstitutional convening of the Constituent Assembly. The movement of non-polarized parties includes Alternativa Uno , De frente con Venezuela , Fundahumanos , Plataforma ciudadana en defensa de la Constitución , Marea Socialista , Movimiento amplio en defensa de todos , Movimiento al Socialismo ( MAS ), Movimiento soluciones and Visión 360 .

On July 16, the referendum was carried out by the Venezuelan parliament, in which the Venezuelans were asked in particular whether they would oppose the convening of the Constituent Assembly by President Nicolas Maduro . 95% of the participants refused to allow the President to convene the Constituent Assembly. The referendum was carried out without the support of the electoral authority. Nevertheless, 7,535,259 Venezuelans took part in the survey. According to official information, Nicolas Maduro was elected by around 7,500,000 eligible voters in 2013 ( presidential election in Venezuela 2013 ). Participation in the referendum was also high in the former stronghold of Catia Chavism. Revolutionary militias attacked the voters and broke up the election rally. A 61-year-old woman was shot dead in the attack and the citizens then sought refuge in El Carmen Church. The church was then besieged for hours by the pro-government revolutionary militias. Cardinal Jorge Urosa was among those seeking refuge in the church . The Frente Miliciano de Sucre (FMS) could be identified among the pro-government shock troops who shot at the voters . In 2017 there were more than 50 such paramilitary, partly heavily armed revolutionary militias, although according to Articles 324 and 328 ( Constitution of Venezuela of 1999 ) the monopoly of war weapons should lie with the impartial Venezuelan state.

December

Protests began again in December 2017. This time mainly from current or former government supporters. The government-affine population demanded that promises be kept, such as the distribution of the subsidized food parcels CLAP. During the December protests, many government supporters distanced themselves from the Socialist Unity Party of Venezuela and protested against mismanagement, hunger and crime in general.

In this month the Operación Génesis ( German  " Operation Genesis " ) was carried out in Caracas by the rebels around Óscar Pérez . During this operation, an arsenal of the National Guard was attacked, weapons were stolen and the National Guards present were tied up. Through a deception that included disguise, violence could be avoided; there were neither dead nor injured. Óscar Pérez and his rebels named this action after Genesis , possibly to indicate that this only meant the beginning of their actions.

On December 30, 2017, a young woman was shot dead by a national guard during the December protests over promised food.

Course 2019

January

At least 35 people died in hundreds of protests across the country in January 2019. 850 people were arrested by the security forces. The demonstrators expressed their support for the interim president Juan Guaidó and his call for new presidential elections and aid deliveries to the starving population. Unlike in 2017, the government did not use the national guard to suppress the protests as it did in 2014 and 2017, but instead sent the FAES special unit , which specifically executed around 30 people out of court in the slums of Catia and Petare in order to keep the poorer classes from protesting.

May

On May 3rd, 2019, the Peruvian journalist Jaime Bayly reported that the Venezuelan first lady Celia Flores traveled to the Dominican Republic on a Russian plane and bought a property in the luxurious tourist resort of Cap Cana for US $ 18 million. It is speculated whether her husband Nicolas Maduro will follow her into exile there.

Web links

Commons : Protests in Venezuela 2014  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Protests in Venezuela 2017  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  4. ↑ a b c Venezuela 2017 - Comeback or Waterloo of Chavism? In: FES perspective. Friedrich Ebert Foundation, June 2017, accessed on July 12, 2017 (Spanish).
  5. ^ Already 26 dead in mass protests against President Maduro , NZZ, April 26, 2017
  6. ^ A b Maduro for Constituent Assembly. In: DW. May 5, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2017 .
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  9. ↑ David Böcking: Violence in Venezuela: The Caracas Murder Paradox. Does Inequality Make People Violent? Yes, say common theories. But the opposite is happening in Venezuela: the gap between rich and poor is narrowing - and the murder rate is skyrocketing. In: Spiegel Online. November 30, 2013, accessed February 27, 2014 .
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  23. ↑ Venezuela at the crossroads: the who, what and why of the crisis , The Guardian, January 25, 2019; "if the legislature deems the president to be failing to fulfill basic duties"
  24. ↑ https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/muertos-cuatro-dias-disturbios-venezuela.html
  25. ↑ Venezuelan bishops denounce Maduro's new presidential term as illegitimate , Catholic News Agency, January 10, 2019; "... the National Assembly, elected by the free and democratic vote of the Venezuelan people, is currently the sole organ of public authority with the legitimacy to exercise its powers with sovereignty."
  26. ↑ Luisa Ortega: "El Ejército debe restablecer la democracia" , Deutsche Welle (Spanish), January 10, 2019
  27. ↑ Ulrich Achermann: SRF Nachrichten, January 10, 2019, 8:11 am
  28. ↑ As Venezuela falls apart, Maduro poised for six more years as president , latimes.com, January 9, 2019
  29. ↑ National Assembly declares Maduro's re-election unlawful faz.net on January 16, 2019
  30. ↑ Kathrina Peters: Violence during protests: Pope calls on Venezuelans for peaceful dialogue. Government supporters and the opposition have been fighting in Venezuela for weeks, and numerous people have been killed and injured. Pope Francis now appeals to both sides to end the violence. The UN also urges dialogue. In: Spiegel Online. February 27, 2014, accessed March 12, 2014 .
  31. ↑ EU Parliament will not recognize an “illegal” constituent assembly. In: Latina Press. July 12, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017 .
  32. ↑ Internacional Socialista solicita a Maduro retirar proyecto de ANC. (No longer available online.) In: Tal Cual Digital. July 12, 2017, archived from the original on August 6, 2017 ; Retrieved July 12, 2017 (Spanish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.talcualdigital.com
  33. ^ Vote against the planned constitutional reform in Venezuela. In: Statements by the spokesman for the Federal Foreign Office at the federal press conference on July 17, 2017. Federal Foreign Office, July 17, 2017, accessed on September 6, 2017 .
  34. ^ EU: Remarks by High Representative / Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the press conference following the Foreign Affairs Council. Delegation of the European Union to Venezuela, July 17, 2017, accessed on July 18, 2017 .
  35. ↑ Donald Trump threatens Maduro with sanctions. In: Die Zeit Online. July 17, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2017 .
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  39. ↑ Human rights violations and abuses in the context of protests in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela from April 1 to July 31, 2017. In: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). United Nations, August 2017, accessed September 1, 2017 .
  40. ↑ Borges y Guevara fueron recibidos por Rajoy en Madrid. In: El Mundo. September 5, 2017, Retrieved September 27, 2017 (Spanish).
  41. ↑ Macron pledges support for the Venezuelan opposition. In: Die Zeit online. September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017 .
  42. ^ Conversation between Chancellor Merkel and the President of the Venezuelan National Assembly, Julio Borges, and the Vice-President of Parliament Freddy Guevara. In: Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017 .
  43. ^ Theresa May and Sir Alan Duncan met with Julio Borges, Leader of the Venezuelan National Assembly, and Antonieta Lopez, mother of imprisoned opposition leader Leopoldo Lopez, today. In: PM statement following meeting with Julio Borges: 7 Sept 2017. 6 September 2017, accessed on 27 September 2017 .
  44. ↑ Several EU countries recognize Guaidó as interim president. In: The world. February 4, 2019, accessed February 20, 2019 .
  45. ↑ Venezuelan Montrealers rally in support of Juan Guaido. In: Global News. February 2, 2019, accessed February 20, 2019 .
  46. ↑ Venezuela: Thousands Demonstrate Against the Government - Update. In: latina-press. February 12, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
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  48. ↑ Political crisis: Further student demonstrations in Venezuela. In: latina-press. February 13, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  49. ^ Protests in Venezuela: regime manipulates short message service “Twitter”. In: latina-press. February 14, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  50. ↑ Protests in Venezuela: Arrested students are said to have been tortured with electricity. In: latina-press. February 14, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  51. ^ Protests in Venezuela: government opponents manipulate images. In: latina-press. February 15, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  52. ↑ Protests in Venezuela: Again violent clashes in Caracas. In: latina-press. February 15, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  53. ↑ Michael Unsleber: Crisis in Venezuela: Secret service searches the house of the López family. In: latina-press. February 16, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  54. ^ Crisis in Venezuela: Leopoldo López leads march to the Ministry of the Interior. In: latina-press. February 16, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  55. ↑ Protests in Venezuela: Students allegedly raped by the military. In: latina-press. February 16, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  56. ↑ Crisis in Venezuela: US Consulate Officials Expelled - Update. In: latina-press. February 16, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  57. ↑ Protests in Venezuela claim further fatalities: “Miss Turismo” dies after being shot in the head - update. In: latina-press. February 18, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  58. ^ Protests in Venezuela: Government announces militarization in Táchira. In: latina-press. February 20, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  59. ^ Crisis in Venezuela: Fighter planes fly over opposition marches in Táchira. In: latina-press. February 21, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  60. ↑ Crisis in Venezuela: Ex-General defends himself against arrest with gun violence. In: latina-press. February 23, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  61. ↑ Protests in Venezuela: "Cat and Mouse Game" between police and demonstrators. In: latina-press. February 24, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  62. ^ Crisis in Venezuela: Local carnival events canceled. In: latina-press. February 24, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
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  64. ^ A symbolic image: statue of Hugo Chávez beheaded. In: latina-press. February 26, 2014, accessed February 27, 2014 .
  65. ^ Crisis in Venezuela: Youth march against grievances - Clear words from Brazil. In: latina-press. March 2, 2014, accessed March 10, 2014 .
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  67. ↑ Venezuela arrests one opposition mayor, jails another (Reuters)
  68. ↑ CNE prepara cronograma para convocar elecciones en San Diego (El Universal)
  69. ↑ Venezuelan security forces break up protest camps (BBC)
  70. ↑ Hundreds of thousands demonstrate against Maduro , Die Zeit, September 2, 2016
  71. ↑ Maduros maneuvers stir up the anger , NZZ, October 27, 2016
  72. ↑ Venezuela: un adolescente de 17 años murió en Caracas y una joven de 23 en San Cristóbal. In: Teledoce. Telemundo, April 19, 2017, accessed April 21, 2017 (Spanish).
  73. ↑ Venezuela: confirman 12 muertos y seis heridos en la ola de violencia. In: La Nación. April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017 (Spanish).
  74. ↑ Dead and injured after riots in Caracas. In: Handelsblatt. April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017 .
  75. ↑ Venezuela threatens a bloodbath , NZZ, April 21, 2017
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  85. ^ Government supporters storm the parliament of Venezuela. In: Spiegel Online. July 5, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017 .
  86. ↑ Identificado uno de los colectivos que asedió la Asamblea Nacional. In: El Nacional. July 5, 2017, Retrieved July 11, 2017 (Spanish).
  87. ^ Diosdado: El pueblo fue agredido en la sede de la AN. In: El Nacional. July 5, 2017, Retrieved July 11, 2017 (Spanish).
  88. ↑ Chavistas exhortan a desconocer Constituyente promovida por Maduro. (No longer available online.) In: El Universal. July 9, 2017, archived from the original on July 11, 2017 ; Retrieved July 11, 2017 (Spanish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eluniversal.com
  89. ↑ a b Movimiento de partidos despolarizados llamaron a detener la violencia y reinstalar un diálogo. (No longer available online.) In: TalCual. July 13, 2017, archived from the original on July 13, 2017 ; Retrieved July 13, 2017 (Spanish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.talcualdigital.com
  90. ↑ Millions in Venezuela symbolically vote against Maduro. In: Die Zeit Online. July 17, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017 .
  91. ^ Unidad: Nicolás Maduro matemáticamente está revocado el día de hoy. In: El Nacional. July 17, 2017, Retrieved July 17, 2017 (Spanish).
  92. ^ Resultados de Consulta Soberana. In: Parliament of Venezuela. July 17, 2017, Retrieved July 18, 2017 (Spanish).
  93. ^ One dead in a referendum by the opposition. In: Die Zeit Online. July 17, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017 .
  94. ↑ A tiros terminaron con la masiva votación de Catia. In: El Nacional. July 17, 2017, Retrieved July 17, 2017 (Spanish).
  95. ↑ Colectivos armados irrumpen y empañan jornada cívica en Catia. In: El Nacional. July 17, 2017, Retrieved July 17, 2017 (Spanish).
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  97. ↑ No pork in Venezuela. In: Deutsche Welle. December 28, 2017, accessed December 31, 2017 .
  98. ↑ Los fell al chavismo se unen a las protestas ante la escasez de los alimentos prometidos por Navidad. In: El Pais. December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017 (Spanish).
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  101. ↑ Oscar Pérez se atribuyó asalto a comando militar en San Pedro de Los Altos. In: El Nacional. December 19, 2017, Retrieved April 5, 2018 (Spanish).
  102. ↑ GNB mató a embarazada que protestaba por un pernil en El Junquito. In: El Nacional. December 31, 2017, accessed December 31, 2017 (Spanish).
  103. ↑ Protestas dejan 35 muertos y 850 detenidos en una semana en Venezuela, según ONG , ElComercio, January 28, 2019
  104. ↑ Protests, violence, intimidation. In: ARD. February 14, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019 .
  105. ↑ According to Amnesty, Nicolás Maduro has government critics executed. In: Zeit Online. February 20, 2019, accessed February 21, 2019 .
  106. ↑ Fear, punishment, hunger - Nicolás Maduro's formula for oppression. In: Amnesty International. February 20, 2019, accessed February 21, 2019 .
  107. ↑ Jaime Bayly: "La esposa de Maduro se fue a Punta Cana en un avión que le mandó Putin, y ahí se iba el dictador si lo sacaban". El periodista peruano dijo que el dictador y Cilia Flores eligieron República Dominicana como destino para un eventual exilio, porque ahí adquirieron una exclusiva mansión por la que pagaron 18 millones de dólares en efectivo. May 3, 2019, accessed May 4, 2019 .