Purple forehead sapphire hummingbird

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Purple forehead sapphire hummingbird
Purple forehead sapphire hummingbird

Purple forehead sapphire hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Genre : Basilinna (genus)
Type : Purple forehead sapphire hummingbird
Scientific name
Basilinna leucotis
( Vieillot , 1818)

The purple-forehead sapphire hummingbird ( Basilinna leucotis ) or white-eared sapphire is a species of bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) found in the United States , Mexico , Guatemala , Honduras , El Salvador, and Nicaragua . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

Purple-forehead sapphire hummingbird, ♀

The purple-forehead sapphire hummingbird reaches a body length of around 9 to 10 cm, with a weight of around 3.6 g for males and around 3.2 g for females. The male's straight beak is red with a black tip. The top of the head glitters purple, the back line is white and the ear covers are black. The rest of the top is green, with the back part of the back and the under tail-coverts having reddish brown fringes. The chin glitters purple, the ring collar shimmers turquoise green. The rest of the bottom is gray. The central control feathers of the slightly forked tail are green, the outer blackish with green flecks. The female has a straight bill, with the upper bill black and the lower bill red with a dark tip. The top of the head is brownish green with a white line behind the eyes and blackish ear covers. The rest of the top is also green, with the rear part of the back and the under tail-coverts having reddish brown fringes. The throat is white with green sequins . The rest of the underside is whitish with green flecks. The center of the tail is green, the outer tail feathers with brown fringes and white spots. Young birds are similar in color to the females, but the control feathers are strongly spotted with white.

Behavior and nutrition

The purple-forehead sapphire hummingbird gets its nectar from blooming agaves , bizarre , various types of sage , beard thread , quiver flowers and other flowers. He catches arthropods in flight by hunting them or taking them from the flowers. It is considered territorial .

Vocalizations

The singing consists of a series of repeated, mostly double tones that sound like chi-dit .. ch-dit ... chi-dit or just tink..tink..tink . The call contains hard dry chip or chidip tones and short, decreasing chatter.

Reproduction

The breeding season in the northern and central parts of Mexico lasts from March to August and November to February. There can be breeding activity year round in southern Mexico. B. l. pygmaea breeds from August to December. The goblet-shaped nest is made of soft plant waste, mostly fibers from oak leaves and moss, which they decorate on the outside with grayish lichen. You place this 1.6 to 6 meters above the ground. He preferred to be on the nest in Mexico oaks or in Guatemala Baccharis belongs kind Baccharis vacinoides . Occasionally, several nests can be found within a short distance. Often times the nest is built on top of the rest of a nest from the previous year. A clutch consists of two white eggs and is incubated by the female for 14 to 16 days. The nestlings fledge at around 23 to 28 days. In Mexico there can be up to three broods per year, in other areas only up to two.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the purple forehead sapphire hummingbird

The purple-forehead sapphire hummingbird prefers pine and oak forests, evergreen pine forests, clearings at altitudes between 1200 and 3500 meters. Foraging takes place in the low to medium strata .

Subspecies

So far, three subspecies are known:

  • Basilinna leucotis borealis ( Griscom , 1929) occurs in southeastern Arizona to northern Mexico. The subspecies is larger, the underside in color more gray with less green
  • Basilinna leucotis leucotis ( Vieillot , 1818) occurs in central and southern Mexico and in Guatemala.
  • Basilinna leucotis pygmaea Simon & Hellmayr , 1908 is common in El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua. The subspecies is smaller, the green ring collar is smaller. The underside is whitish with many green flecks. The tail is greenish with reddish brown fringes.

migration

In the northern area of ​​distribution one can determine movements of the purple forehead sapphire hummingbird. It is most common here from April to October. After that it is no longer available in the USA, in northern Mexico much less frequently between November and March. The southern population is considered to be a resident bird , even if seasonal migration may be carried out at higher altitudes in order to follow the flowering plants.

Etymology and history of research

The purple forehead sapphire hummingbird was first described in 1818 by Louis Pierre Vieillot under the scientific name of Trochilus leucotis . The type specimen came from the collection of Guillaume Michel Jérôme Meiffren de Laugier, Baron of Chartrouse and was erroneously assigned to Brazil . In 1831 Friedrich Boie introduced the new generic names Basilinna and Hylocharis . " Basilinna βασιλλινα " is the Greek word for "queen". The species name "leucotis" is a Greek word formation from "leucos λευκος " for "white" and "-ōtis, ōtos -ωτις, ωτος " for "-eared, ear". "Borealis" is the Latin word for "north" from "boreas" for "north". »Pygmaea« is derived from the Latin »pygmaeus« for »dwarfish, dwarfish«.

literature

  • Thomas Züchner, Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: White-eared Hummingbird (Basilinna leucotis) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Louis Pierre Vieillot: Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs . tape 23 . Deterville, Paris 1818 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Ludlow Griscom: Studies from the Dwight collection of Guatemala birds. I . In: American Museum Novitates . No. 379 , 1929, pp. 1–13 (English, digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 1,3 MB ]).
  • Eugène Simon, Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Notes critique sur quelques Trochilidae . In: Novitates Zoologicae . tape 15 , no. 1 , 1908, p. 1-12 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Friedrich Boie: Comments on species and some ornithological families and clans . In: Isis von Oken . tape 24 , 1831, pp. 538-548 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Luz Estela Zamudio Beltrán, Yuyini Licona-Vera, Blanca Estela Hernández-Baños, John Klicka, Juan Francisco Ornelas: Phylogeography of the widespread white-eared hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis): pre-glacial expansion and genetic differentiation of populations separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec . In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 130 , May 18, 2020, doi : 10.1093 / biolinnean / blaa043 .

Web links

Commons : Purple-forehead sapphire hummingbird ( Basilinna leucotis )  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Thomas Züchner u. a.
  2. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  3. ↑ Ludlow Griscom, p. 10.
  4. ^ A b Louis Pierre Vieillot, p. 428.
  5. ↑ Eugène Simon et al. a., p. 12.
  6. ^ Friedrich Boie, p. 546.
  7. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 69.
  8. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 225.
  9. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 74.
  10. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 325.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the purple end sapphire Hummingbird ( Basilinna leucotis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus leucotis ), the white-throated Hummingbird ( Leucochloris albicollis ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus albicollis ), the white neck Kolibri ( Florisuga mellivora ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus mellivorus ) which Glitzeramazilie ( Amazilia fimbriata tephrocephala ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus tephrocephalus ), the Blauschwanz Emerald Hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon mellisugus ( Linnaeus , 1758)) (Syn: Trochilus leucogaster ) and the black-breasted mango ( Anthracothorax nigricollis ( Vieillot , 1817)) (Syn: Trochilus albus ).
  2. ↑ Boie arranged the genus the Rotkehl sapphire Kolibri ( Hylocharis sapphirina ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus sapphirinus and Trochilus latirostris ), the Weißkinn sapphire Kolibri ( Hylocharis cyanus ( Vieillot , 1818)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanus ), the Red-Sabrewing ( Campylopterus falcatus ( Swainson , 1821)) (Syn: Trochilus lazulus ), the blue-chinned sapphire ( Chlorestes notata ( Reich , 1793)) (Syn: Trochilus cyanotropus ) and the blue head Kolibri ( Cyanophaia bicolor ( Gmelin, JF , 1788)) (Syn: Trochilus bicolor ) to. In the case of T. cyanotropus , Boie probably confused Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's T. cyanogenys and not his name Procnias cyanotropus for fork-tailed kotinga .