Baccharis

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Baccharis
Baccharis salicifolia

Baccharis salicifolia

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Astereae
Sub tribus : Baccharidinae
Genre : Baccharis
Scientific name
Baccharis
L.

Baccharis is a plant genus in the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The approximately 360 species are mainly found in the New World; A particularly large number of species occur in South America andthere are also manyfrom Mexico to Central America , some species are found on the Caribbean islands and some species are also found in the USA .

description

Illustration of Baccharis alpina

Vegetative characteristics

Baccharis species grow as shrubs or perennial herbaceous plants . The alternate leaves are simple.

Generative characteristics

All Baccharis species are dioecious, separate sexes ( diocesan ). The cup-shaped inflorescences stand together in paniculate overall inflorescences . The bracts cover each other like roof tiles and the outer ones are smaller than the inner ones. The basket floor is often pitted and there are no leaves of chaff. The flower heads contain either only female or only male, mostly white or pink tubular flowers (= disc flowers). Ray florets are absent. The five-lobed crown is slender in the female flowers and tubular in the male. The stamens are blunt. The ramifications of the style are narrow or sub-like, smooth and protruding in the fertile flowers, rudimentary in the sterile flowers and provided with an oval hairy appendage at the tip.

The more or less flattened achenes are ribbed and have an abundantly hairy pappus . The sterile flowers only have a short pappus.

ecology

The pollination is done by insects, particularly species of bees , flies and wasps , but also beetles and butterflies .

Common names

In the USA, some Baccharis species are locally called broom , which is also the name for the unrelated broom . In Spanish they are called romerillo ("little rosemary "). In the Andes , the hot Baccharis versions on Quechua among other ch'illka (also chillka or chilka , from local Spanish chilca ) t'ula ( thula ) or tayanka ( tayanqa ), and valid for one and the same kind of more of these names could be.

use

Due to their firm, flexible wood, several Baccharis species serve as hedge plants to break the wind. Other species are interesting for beekeeping and honey production because of their abundance of nectar .

Because of their firm roots, Baccharis species are important for erosion protection and are therefore also planted in the Andes, including Baccharis salicifolia (Quechua ch'illka ). As the English name broom suggests, Baccharis species are used as brooms. In some indigenous Quechua communities in the Andes, they are the only plant used to make brooms. They have the advantage that their leaves do not fall off the dried plant, so that these brooms can be used to sweep up threshed grain.

The wood is often used as firewood. Many species are also used in folk medicine, such as the resinous leaves of Baccharis ivaefolia for dislocations and for wound healing. In the Andes, Ch'illka ash is used to make a lye ( llipt'a ), with which coca leaves are mixed for chewing.

Diseases

53 species of rust fungi have been found on species of the genus Baccharis , including Puccinia baccharidis , Puccinia evadens , Puccinia baccharidis-multiflorae , Puccinia interjecta and Puccinia pistorica . Other fungal pathogens on Baccharis spec. are Dothidea puccinioides and Phomopsis spec.

Spread and endangerment

The natural distribution areas of the Baccharis species extend over large parts of South and North America. Some species, especially in the northern Andes, are threatened by the destruction of their habitat.

Other species are neophytes in Europe ( Spain , France ) and Australia and spread as invasive plant species , such as Baccharis halimifolia on salt soils near the coast of southwest France. Baccharis halimifolia has been added to the “List of Unwanted Species” for the European Union .

Systematics

The genus Baccharis was set up in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, 1753, p. 668. The genus Molina Ruiz & Pav., Described by Hipólito Ruiz López and José Antonio Pavón y Jiménez in 1798 and postulated independently from Baccharis , is a synonym; the Molina species described in the same place were assigned to the genus Baccharis by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1807 . Other synonyms for Baccharis L. are: Sergilus Gaertn. , Tursenia Cass. , Pingraea Cass. , Polypappus Less. , Baccharidastrum Cabrera , Pseudobaccharis Cabrera , Psila Phil., Achyrobaccharis Sch. Gdp. ex Walp. , Baccharidiopsis G.M.Barroso , Neomolina Hellwig nom. illegitimate. non Honda & Sakis . The genus name Baccharis L. was Frank H. Hellwig with a conserved 1989 type species Baccharis halimifolia L. preserved.

Branch with leaves of Baccharis angustifolia
Branches with leaves of Baccharis anomala
Habitus of a blooming Baccharis articulata
Habit of Baccharis dracunculifolia
Whole inflorescence with flower heads of Baccharis douglasii
Habit with platycladia and infructescence of Baccharis genistelloides
Habit of Baccharis genistifolia
Baccharis halimifolia fruit clusters
Whole inflorescence with flower heads of Baccharis inamoena
Habit with platycladia of Baccharis jocheniana
Habit of Baccharis juncea
Habit of Baccharis linearis
Branch with leaves and flower heads of Baccharis rhomboidalis
Habit of Baccharis sagittalis
Habit of Baccharis sarothroides
Habitus of a blooming Baccharis sergiloides
Habit of Baccharis tricuneata
Habit of Baccharis tridentata
Habitus with platycladia and flower heads of Baccharis trimera

There are around 354 species of Baccharis :

swell

  • Jochen Müller: World checklist of Baccharis L. (Compositae - Astereae) , Version 2013-09-03 PDF.
  • Jochen Müller: Systematics of Baccharis (Compositae-Astereae) in Bolivia, including an overview of the genus. , In: Systematic Botany Monographs , Volume 76, 2006, pp. 1-341.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Flora de Chile : Baccharis . (Spanish)
  2. ↑ Ulloa Ulloa, C. y PM Jørgensen: Árboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador : Baccharis L. (Spanish)
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Scott D. Sundberg, David J. Bogler: Flora of North America : Baccharis Linnaeus , p. 23 - same text online and printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 20: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 2 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford , 2006, ISBN 0-19-530564-7 .
  4. ^ A b c Nathaniel Lord Britton, Addison Brown. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Volume 3, 39. Baccharis
  5. ↑ a b Wolf Engels, Rüdiger Hampp, Wolfgang Tzschupke (1999): Interim report 1998 on the DLR - BMBF - Project 01LT0011 / 7 Araukarienwald (University of Tübingen). ( Memento from January 15, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.3 MB) p. 26.
  6. ↑ a b Qheswa simi hamut'ana kuraq suntur: Simi Taqe Qheswa - Español - Qheswa. Qosqo, Piruw 2006. p. 105.
  7. ↑ a b Teofilo Laime Ajacopa: Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha. La Paz - Bolivia, 2007. p. 28.
  8. ↑ Christine Franquemont, Timothy Plowman, Edward Franquemont, Steven R. King, Christine Niezgoda, Wade Davis, Calvin R. Sperling (1990): The Ethnobotany of Chinchero, an Andean Community in Southern Peru. Fieldiana Botany, New Series No. 24, 1-126, (PDF; 9.8 MB) pp. 52-53.
  9. ^ A b Jeffery Bentley, Jorge Valencia (2003): Learning about Trees in a Quechua-Speaking Andean Community in Bolivia. pp. 69-134. In: Paul Van Mele (ed.) Way Out of the Woods: Learning How to Manage Trees and Forests. Newbury, UK: CPL Press. 143 pp. (PDF; 1.5 MB)
  10. ↑ a b Systema vegetabilium florae peruvianae et chilensis, anno 1798, auctoribus Hippolyto Ruiz et Josepho Pavon. Tomus primus. P. 200, Molina. P. 207, Molina striata .
  11. ↑ R. Charudattan, U. Verma, JT Devalerio, AJ Tomley: pathogen attacking groundsel bush, Baccharis halimifolia in Florida. In: Biological control of weeds , 1996, pp. 437-44. Available online (PDF; 1.0 MB)
  12. ↑ George Baker Cummins : The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos . Springer, Berlin 1971, ISBN 3-540-05336-0 .
  13. ↑ List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern ( Memento of the original of July 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on July 13, 2016  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ec.europa.eu
  14. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , Volume 2, 1753, p. 668 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org.
  15. ↑ Christiaan Hendrik Persoon: Synopsis plantarum . Pars secunda. Parisii Lutetiorum, 1807. P. 423-425, n.1846
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Baccharis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  17. ↑ Frank H.Hellwig (953) Proposal to conserve 8933 Baccharis L. (Asteraceae) with a conserved type. Taxon 38, 1989, pp. 513-515.
  18. ↑ Enter the taxon in the search mask for The Global Compositae Checklist .
  19. ↑ a b c Jochen Müller: World checklist of Baccharis L. (Compositae - Astereae) , Version 2013-09-03 PDF.

Web links

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