Agaves

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Agaves
Agave deserti in Palm Canyon in southern Palm Springs (California)

Agave deserti
in Palm Canyon in southern Palm Springs ( California )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily : Agave family (Agavoideae)
Genre : Agaves
Scientific name
agave
L.

The agaves ( Agave ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily of the agave plants (Agavoideae) within the family of the asparagus plants (Asparagaceae). The botanical name Agave is derived from the Greek word agavos for noble , magnificent or sublime . Agave, often written Agaue , is the name of a daughter of Kadmos and Harmonia from Greek mythology, which is occasionally mentioned as eponymous.

Agaves are sometimes referred to as the century plant (English by. Century Plant ), since they bloom only once and until formation of an inflorescence may take several decades.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Agaves are xerophytic , perennial or hapaxanthic and mostly leaf succulent rosette plants . They grow terrestrially or, very rarely, epiphytically . The small to very large rosettes are stemless or their stem is very short. The seldom elongated trunk is thick, solitary or branched, and sometimes rhizomatous . Daughter plants sometimes develop from the rhizome. The mostly long-lived, more or less thick and fibrous leaves are mainly succulent and xeromorphic ( somewhat soft and annual in the Manfreda subgenus ). The leaf blade is linear to lanceolate to ovate. At the tip of the leaf sits a more or less strongly developed thorn (in the subgenus Manfreda a soft tip). The entire leaf margins are tiny to strongly toothed or thread-bearing.

The strong and fibrous, occasionally spindly thickened roots are spread out flat.

Inflorescences and flowers

Close up of the flower head of Agave parryi var. Couesii in Jerome, Arizona
Typical flowering of Agave sebastiana in Islas Benito, Baja California Sur (Mexico)
Close up of the flower head of Agave gypsophila in culture in El Cajon in California
Detail from the inflorescence of Agave americana

The inflorescence can be up to 12 meters high. The partial inflorescences are zymous , have either slightly short- stalked and usually few (rarely only paired) flowers (sub-genus Littaea ) or long-stalked, often multiply composed, with numerous more or less densely arranged flowers (sub-genus Agave ) or almost sessile, paired to single Flowers (subgenus Manfreda ). The inflorescence sometimes bears bulbils . The tubular to bell-shaped perigon is mostly yellow or greenish to brownish, more rarely also reddish. The tepals are mostly fused at the base and form a perigone tube, the length of which varies greatly and which ends in perigone lobes of different lengths.

The stamens protrude from the perigone tube and have elongated, flexible anthers . The thread-thin stamens are either attached to the tube, to the mouth of the tube or to the base of the tepals. The subordinate, triple ovary is thick-walled. The elongated, thread-thin stylus is röhrig and not yet fully developed in the flower opening. The wart-like scar is three-lobed.

Fruits and seeds

The fruits are three-chambered, loculicidal capsules , often narrowly elongated at the tip , which contain the flattened black seeds .

cytology

The chromosome base number is x = 30.

distribution

The distribution area of ​​the agaves extends from the south of the United States through Mexico through all of Central America (including the entire Caribbean ) to Panama and into northern South America ( Colombia and Venezuela ). The greatest biodiversity can be found in the Mexican states of Hidalgo , Puebla and Oaxaca . Agaves are cultivated worldwide in tropical, subtropical and frost-free climates and are often naturalized in the corresponding countries.

Systematics

The first description of the agaves was published in 1753 by Carl von Linné . Its type is Agave americana .

The genus Agave sensu lato is divided into the following three sub-genera:

  • agave
  • Littaea (Tagl.) Baker
  • Manfreda (Salisb.) Baker

In the subgenus Agave , the inflorescence consists of long-stalked, often multiply composed partial inflorescences with numerous, more or less densely arranged flowers. In the subgenus Littaea , the inflorescence consists of more or less short-stalked partial inflorescences with mostly few (rarely only paired) flowers. The subgenus Manfreda includes the formerly independent genera Manfreda , Polianthes and Prochnyanthes .

The sub-genera are divided into informal species groups without taxonomic rank , which are at least partially considered to be artificial:

  • Subgenus Littaea
    • "Weakly reinforced group"
      • Group Striatae Baker
      • Group Serrulatae Baker (incl. Amolae Gentry )
      • Group Choritepalae Gentry
      • Filiferae Gentry Group
      • Group Parviflorae Gentry
    • "Strongly reinforced group"
      • Polycephalae Gentry Group
      • Marginatae Gentry Group
      • Urceolatae Gentry Group
  • Subgenus Agave
    • "Large group"
      • Agave group (including Americanae Baker )
      • Group Salmianae A. Berger
      • Group Crenatae A. Berger
      • Group of Campaniflorae Trel.
      • Group Umbelliflorae Trel.
      • Group Viviparae Trel. (including Sisalanae Trel. , Rigidae Trel. )
    • "Small group"
      • Group Applanattae Trel.
      • Group Deserticolae Trel.
      • Parryanae Gentry Group
      • Gruppe Marmoratae A. Berger
      • Group Costaricicenses Trel.
    • "Caribbean Species"
      • Group Antillanae Trel.
      • Group of Antillares Trel.
      • Bahamanae Trel Group .
      • Group Caribaeae Trel.
      • Group Inaguenses Trel.
      • Group Vicinae Thiede
  • Subgenus Manfreda
    • Manfreda group
    • Polianthes group
    • Prochnyanthes group

species

The genus of agaves includes the following species:

Is of unknown assignment

Hybrids

The following hybrids have been described:

Synonyms

Synonyms for the genus Agave are Polianthes L. (1753), Pothos Adans. (1763), Tuberosa Heist. ex Fabr. (1769, nom. illeg. ICBN -Article 52.1), Bonapartea Willd. (1814), Littaea Tagl. (1816), Bravoa La Llave & Lex. (1824), Coetocapnia Link & Otto (1828), Robynsia Drap. (1841, nomen rejiciendum ICBN -Article 56.1), Ghiesbreghtia Roezl (1861, nom. Inval. ICBN -Article 52.1), Manfreda Salisb. (1866), Allibertia Marion (1882), Prochnyanthes S.Watson (1887), Leichtlinia H.Ross (1893), Delpinoa H.Ross (1897), Pseudobravoa Rose (1899) and Runyonia Rose (1922).

Botanical history

In his description of the plants of the Uppsala Botanical Garden , Carl von Linné separated the plants previously known as American aloes from the aloes genus and introduced the botanical name Agave , without describing individual species. In his first scientific description of the genus in Species Plantarum , Linné listed four species in 1753: Agave americana , Agave vivipara , Agave virginica and Agave foetida (today Furcraea foetida ).

In the 8th edition of Philip Miller's The Gardener's Dictionary , four species were added in 1768: Agave tuberosa (today: Furcraea tuberosa ), Agave karatto , Agave vera-cruz (today Agave lurida ) and Agave rigida (possibly Agave fourcroydes ). In the period that followed, other species were described by William Aiton , Adrian Hardy Haworth , Attilio Zuccagni , John Bellenden Ker-Gawler , Antonio José Cavanilles and Johann Friedrich Klotzsch .

Christian Julius Wilhelm Schiede and Wilhelm Friedrich Karwinsky (1780–1855) traveled to Mexico, collected plants there and sent them to Europe, where they were cultivated in Italy and England, for example. Karl Sigismund Kunth listed a total of 49 species in 1850. In 1834 and 1859 Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck also revised the previously known species based on the plants cultivated in his collection in Düsseldorf and recognized 45 species. From 1864 to 1867, the Prussian general Georg Albano von Jacobi (1805–1874), who was in contact with Salm-Dyck, described 78 new species in the Hamburger Garten- und Blumenzeitung based on plants (mostly young plants) cultivated in European gardens. Further descriptions by him were made from 1868 to 1870 in the treatises of the Silesian Society for Patriotic Culture. This increased the number of agave species described to around 160. Neither Salm-Dyck nor Jacobi used flower characteristics for their descriptions, although the flowers of the agaves had already been described by Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1833 . By Georg Engelmann and John Gilbert Baker made further revisions of the genus. In his summary of the genus Agave , Baker recognized a total of 138 species in 1888.

In 1915 Alwin Berger published his monograph Die Agaven and made the first attempt to classify the entire genus according to taxonomic criteria. He made his descriptions mainly on the basis of plants that grew in the La Mortola garden on the Italian Riviera . William Trelease , who worked for the Missouri Botanical Garden , was the first botanist to study the agaves intensively in their natural habitats, particularly in Mexico, Guatemala and the Caribbean. Numerous additional initial descriptions were made on the basis of these investigations. A total of 310 species were known by 1924.

Howard Scott Gentry undertook extensive field studies in North America and examined the material stored in herbaria , the results of which he published in 1982. In it he divided the agaves on the basis of flower characteristics into the two sub-genera Agave (panicle flower) with 8 sections and 54 species and Littaea (age-old flowers) with 12 sections and 82 species.

Phylogenetic work in the mid-1990s led to the inclusion of the species Manfreda , Polianthes and Prochnyanthes as a subgenus Manfreda in the genus Agave in 1999 .

use

Fiber supplier

Sisal plantation ( Agave sisalana )

Agaves are among the most important suppliers of vegetable fibers . Are commercially among others, the sisal ( Agave sisalana ), Agave fourcroydes (as Henequen hereinafter), Agave cantala and Agave vivipara var. Letonae grown. Agave lechuguilla (Ixtle fibers), Agave funkiana (Jamauve fibers) and occasionally Agave victoriae-reginae are harvested wild .

Food and beverage

The natives of Mexico roasted or baked flower buds and agave leaves, which are characterized by their high sugar content . Agave syrup is obtained from the cabeza or piña, the trunk that remains after the leaves have been cut off.

Pulque , the national drink of Mexico, is by fermentation of the Aguamiel prepared Agavensaftes designated. Tequila , which is obtained exclusively from the blue agave ( Agave tequilana ), is of great economic importance for Mexico and for which stricter quality rules apply than for mezcal , which is made from various types of agave.

proof

literature

  • Alwin Berger : The agaves. Contributions to a monograph. Jena 1915 (online) .
  • Howard Scott Gentry: Agaves of Continental North America. University of Arizona Press, 1982, ISBN 0-8165-0775-9 .
  • Thomas Heller: Agaves. Münster 2003, ISBN 3-931587-89-4 .
  • Joachim Thiede: Agave . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Monocotyledons . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7 , pp. 3-75 .
  • Joachim Thiede, Urs Eggli: inclusion of Manfreda Salisbury, Polianthes Linné and Prochnyanthes S. Watson in Agave Linné (Agavaceae). In: Cacti and other succulents . Volume 50, Number 5, 1999, pp. 109-113 (online) .
  • Joachim Thiede, Urs Eggli: Inclusion of Manfreda Salisbury and Polianthes Linné in Agave Linné (Agavaceae): further renaming. In: Cacti and other succulents. Volume 52, Number 6, 2001, pp. 166-167 (online) .
  • Joachim Thiede: Nomenclatural Transfers from Manfreda Salisb., Polianthes L. and Bravoa Lex. To Agave L. (Agavaceae / Asparagaceae). In: Haseltonia. Number 17, 2012, pp. 94-95 ( doi: 10.2985 / 1070-0048-17.1.12 ).

Individual evidence

  1. Agave . In: Heinrich August Pierer , Julius Löbe (Hrsg.): Universal Lexicon of the Present and the Past . 4th edition. tape 1 . Altenburg 1857, p. 179 ( zeno.org ).
  2. Thomas Heller: Agaves. Münster 2003, p. 17.
  3. a b c d e f Joachim Thiede: Agave . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Monocotyledons . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7 , pp. 3-4 .
  4. Species Plantarum. 1st edition. Lars Salvius: Stockholm 1753, pp. 323-324; (online) .
  5. a b c Joachim Thiede: Agave . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Monocotyledons . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7 , pp. 4-8 .
  6. J. Thiede: Agave : In: Urs Eggli (ed.): Sukkulentenlexikon. Monocotyledons. Pp. 3-75, Eugen Ulmer 2001.
  7. Joachim Thiede: Agave . In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Succulent lexicon. Monocotyledons . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7 , pp. 3 .
  8. Hortus Upsaliensis. Lars Salvius: Stockholm 1748, p. 87; on-line
  9. Species Plantarum. 1st edition. Lars Salvius: Stockholm 1753, pp. 323-324; on-line
  10. ^ Philip Miller: The Gardeners Dictionary. 8th edition. 1768, without page numbers; on-line
  11. Hortus Dyckensis: Or directory of the plants growing in the botanical garden at Dyck. Verlag = Arnz & Comp., 1834, pp. 301-309; on-line
  12. Remarks on the genera Agave and Fourcroya with a description of some new species. In: Bonplandia. Volume 7, pp. 85-96, 1859; on-line
  13. ^ Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum Exhibentia Ephemerides sive Observationes Historias et Experimenta. Volume 16, No. 2, 1833.
  14. John Gilbert Baker: Handbook of the Amaryllideae, including the Alstroemerieae and Agaveae. George Bell & Sons, London 1888 (online) .
  15. Alwin Berger: The agaves. Contributions to a monograph. Jena 1915, p. 13.
  16. Gary Irish: Agaves. Yuccas, and related plants. A Gardener's Guide. Timber Press, 2000, ISBN 0-88192-442-3 , pp. 15-16.
  17. Joachim Thiede, Urs Eggli: Inclusion of Manfreda Salisbury, Polianthes Linné and Prochnyanthes in Agave (Agavaceae). In: Cacti and other succulents . Volume 50, No. 5, pp. 109-113, 1999.
  18. Thomas Heller: Agaves. Münster 2003, pp. 27-29.
  19. Thomas Heller: Agaves. Münster 2003, pp. 29–34.

First descriptions from 2001

  1. Ismael Cabral Cordero, José Angel Villareal Quintanilla, Alejandro Eduardo Estrada-Castillón: Agave albopilosa (Agavaceae, subgénero Littaea, grupo Striatae), una especie nueva de la Sierra Madre Oriental en el noreste de México. In: Acta Botanica Mexicana. Number 80, 2007, pp. 51-57 ( online ).
  2. Agave arcedianoensis Cházaro, O. Valencia & A. Vázquez sp. nov. In: Agaves del Occidente de Mexico. 2007, ISBN 978-970-27-1293-0 , pp. 45-46.
  3. Bernd Ullrich: Agave attenuata ssp. dentata (Roezl) Ullrich. In: Haseltonia. Number 12, 2006, pp. 22-30 ( doi : 10.2985 / 1070-0048 (2006) 12 [22: AASDRU] 2.0.CO; 2 ).
  4. Agave chazaroi O. Valencia & A. Vázquez sp. nov. In: Agaves del Occidente de Mexico. 2007, ISBN 978-970-27-1293-0 , p. 48.
  5. ^ Raquel Galván Villanueva, Luis Hernández-Sandoval: Agave garciae-mendozae, a new species from central Mexico. In: Cactus and Succulent Journal. Volume 74, Number 4, Cactus and Succulent Society of America, 2002, pp. 188-191 ( garciae-mendozae online ).
  6. Miguel Cházaro – Basáñez, H. David Jimeno – Sevilla, Héctor Oliva – Rivera: Agave gomezpompae Cházaro & Jimeno – Sevilla. A New Species of Agave (Agavaceae) from Central Veracruz, Mexico. In: Cactus-Aventures International. Number 88, 2010, pp. 2–11 ( PDF ( Memento of February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive )).
  7. Ramón Cuevas Guzmán, Francisco J. Santana-Michel, Oscar Balcazar-Medina: Agave manantlanicola (Agavaceae), a new species from western Mexico. In: Brittonia. Volume 64, Number 3, 2012, pp. 330-335 ( doi: 10.1007 / s12228-012-9240-6 ).
  8. Carlos Arzaba-Villalba, Miguel Cházaro-Basáñez and Cesar Viveros-Colorado. 2018. Agave maria-patriciae (Polycephalae Group: Asparagaceae), A New Species from Central Coastal Veracruz, Mexico. Phytotaxa. 360 (3); 263-268. DOI: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.360.3.6 .
  9. Abisaí García-Mendoza, Cuauhtémoc Jacques-Hernández, Ángel Salazar Bravo: Una nueva especie de Agave, subgenero Littaea (Agavaceae) de Tamaulipas, Mexico. In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Volume 1, Number 1, 2007, pp. 79-84 (PDF) ( Memento from December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).
  10. Abisaí Josué García-Mendoza: Revisión taxonómica del complejo Agave potatorum Zucc. (Agavaceae): nuevos taxa y neotipificación. In: Acta Botánica Mexicana. Volume 91, 2010, pp. 71-93 ( online ).
  11. ^ Greg Starr, Thomas R. van Devender: Agave parviflora subspecies densiflora. A newly found treasure from the Sierra Madre in Eastern Sonora, Mexico. In: Cactus and Succulent Journal. Volume 83, Number 5, Cactus and Succulent Society of America, 2011, pp. 224-231 ( doi: 10.2985 / 0007-9367-83.5.224 ).
  12. ^ M. Socorro González-Elizondo, Martha González-Elizondo, Irma L. López-Enríquez, Lorenzo Reséndiz-Rojas, Jorge A. Tena-Flores, Flor Isela Retana-Rentería: EL Complejo Agave victoriae-reginae (Agavaceae). In: Acta Botanica Mexicana. Volume 95, 2011, pp. 65-94 (PDF; 1.7 MB) .
  13. ^ Pablo Carrillo-Reyes, Rito Vega Aviña, Raymundo Ramírez-Delgadillo: Agave rzedowskiana, a New Species in Subgenus Littaea (Agavaceae) from Western Mexico. In: Brittonia. Volume 55, Number 3, 2003, pp. 240-244 (JSTOR) .
  14. Miguel Cházaro-Basañez, Oscar Valencia Pelayo, José Aquileo Lomelí-Sención, Yalman Luisa Vargas-Rodriguez: Agave vazquezgarciae (Agavaceae), a New Species from Jalisco, Mexico. In: Novon. Volume 16, Number 4, 2006, pp. 458-461 ( doi : 10.3417 / 1055-3177 (2006) 16 [458: AVAANS] 2.0.CO; 2 ).
  15. ^ Joël Lodé, Guillermo Pino: Agave cordillerensis J.Lodé & G.Pino: A new species for South America. In: International Cactus Adventures. Volume 77, 2008, pp. 6-17.
  16. George Richardson Proctor: Agave minor In: Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Mark T. Strong (Ed.): Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Volume 52, 2005, p. 118 (PDF; 5.6 MB) .
  17. ^ Greg Starr, José A. Villarreal Q: Agave ovatifolia (Agavaceae), una nueva especie de maguey del noreste de Mexico. In: Sida. Contributions to Botany. Volume 20, Number 2, pp. 495–499 (online)
  18. Wendy C. Hodgson: Taxonomic Novelties in American Agave (Agavaceae). In: Novon. Volume 11, Number 4, 2001, pp. 410-416 (JSTOR) .
  19. Abisaí Josué García-Mendoza: Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. Fascículo 88, 2011, pp. 55-57 ( PDF ).
  20. Daniel Guillot Ortiz, Piet Van Der Meer: Agave segurae D. Guillot & Van Der Meer, un taxón nuevo dentro del grupo Americanae, naturalizado en la Comunidad Valenciana. In: Flora Montiberica. Number 29, 2005, pp. 30-33 (PDF) .
  21. José Antonio Vázquez-García, Miguel de Jesús Cházaro-Basáñez, Miguel Angel Muñiz-Castro, Gregorio Nieves-Hernández: Agave temacapulinensis (Agavaceae), a New Ditepalous Species from the Los Altos Region, Jalisco, Mexico. In: Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. Volume 22, Number 2, 2012, pp. 235-239 ( doi: 10.3417 / 2011065 ).
  22. ^ Robert H. Webb, J. Mario Salazar-Ceseña: Agave turneri (Agavaceae), a new species from northeastern Baja California, Mexico. In: Brittonia. Volume 63, Number 2, 2011, pp. 203-210 ( doi: 10.1007 / s12228-010-9151-3 ).
  23. Miguel Cházaro-Basáñez, J. Antonio Vázquez-García, Yalma Luisa Vargas-Rodriguez: Agave valenciana (Agavaceae), a Gigantic New Species from Jalisco, Mexico. In: Novon. Volume 15, Number 4, 2005, pp. 525-530 (JSTOR) .
  24. ^ Daniel Guillot Ortiz, Piet Van Der Meer: Dos nuevos taxones del género Agave en el Jardín Botánico de Valencia. In: Flora Montiberica. Number 27, 2004, pp. 54-56 (PDF) .
  25. ^ Carlos Castillejos – Cruz, Eloy Solano: Manfreda bulbulifera (Agavaceae), especie nueva de México. In: Acta botánica mexicana. Volume 82, 2008, pp. 67-73 (PDF; 330 kB) .
  26. a b c d e f g h i j k l Joachim Thiede: Nomenclatural Transfers from Manfreda Salisb., Polianthes L. and Bravoa Lex. To Agave L. (Agavaceae / Asparagaceae). In: Haseltonia. Number 17, 2012, pp. 94-95 ( doi: 10.2985 / 1070-0048-17.1.12 ).
  27. A Castañeda Rojas, I. Sonia Franco Martínez, Abisaí García Mendoza: Manfreda galvaniae (Agavaceae), especie nueva de México, con nota sobre la ubicación taxonómica de M. malinaltenangensis Matuda y su lectotipificación. In: Acta botánica mexicana. Volume 72, 2005, pp. 65-76 ( online ).
  28. ^ Julia Etter, Martin Kristen: A new combination in the genus Agave. In: Haseltonia. Number 12, 2006 p. 70 ( doi : 10.2985 / 1070-0048 (2006) 12 [70a: ANCITG] 2.0.CO; 2 ).
  29. a b c Abisaí Josué García-Mendoza: Tres especies nuevas de Manfreda (Agavaceae) del sur de México. In: Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. Volume 82, Number 3, 2011, pp. 747-757 ( PDF ).
  30. ^ A b Luis Hernández-Sandoval, Roger Orellana, Germán Carnevali: Two new species of Manfreda Salisb. (Agavaceae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. In: The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. Volume 135, Number 2, 2008, pp. 168-177 ( doi: 10.3159 / 08-RA-023.1 ).
  31. Aarón Rodríguez: Manfreda parva (Agavaceae), especie nueva del estado de Guerrero, México. In: Acta botánica mexicana. Volume 88, 2009, pp. 1–8 (PDF; 393 kB) .
  32. a b Abisaí J. García-Mendoza, Eloy Solano: Polianthes oaxanana y P. geminiflora var. Pueblensis (Agavaceae), taxa nuevos de México. In: Acta Botánica Mexicana. Volume 78, 2007, pp. 111-112 ( online ).
  33. Eloy Solano Camacho, Patricia D. Dávila Aranda: Polianthes multicolor (Agavaceae), especie nueva de Guanajuato, Mexico. In: Novon. Volume 13, 2003, pp. 119-122 ( online ).
  34. ^ Eloy Solano, Ramiro Ríos-Gómez: Polianthes zapopanensis (Agavaceae), una especie nueva de Jalisco, México. In: Brittonia. Volume 63, Number 1, 2011, pp. 70-74 ( doi: 10.1007 / s12228-010-9132-6 ).
  35. George R. Procter: Flora of the Cayman Islands. Kew Publishing, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84246-403-8 , p. 183.
  36. Wendy C. Hodgson: Taxonomic Novelties in American Agave (Agavaceae). In: Novon. Volume 11, Number 4, 2001, pp. 410-416 (JSTOR) .
  37. ^ Daniel Guillot Ortiz, Piet Van Der Meer: Agave × cavanillesii nuevo híbrido descubierto en la Comunidad Valenciana. In: Flora Montiberica. Number 28, 2004, pp. 73-76 (PDF) .
  38. ^ Daniel Guillot Ortiz, Piet Van Der Meer: "Agave x güemensis" Guillot & Meer ("Agave polyacantha" Haw. X "Agave walleriana" Baker) and nuevo híbrido dentro del grupo "Polzcephalae" Gentry. In: Studia botanica. Number 24, 2005, pp. 87-89 (PDF) .
  39. ^ Daniel Guillot Ortiz, Piet Van Der Meer: Dos nuevos taxones del género Agave en el Jardín Botánico de Valencia. In: Flora Montiberica. Number 27, 2004, pp. 54-56 (PDF) .

further reading

  • August J. Spread : The Agaves. The Cactus and Succulent Journal Yearbook, Abbey Garden Press, 1968.
  • Howard Scott Gentry: The Agave Family in Sonora. US Department of Agriculture, 1972.
  • Mary Irish, Gary Irish: Agaves, Yuccas and related plants of Continental North America. Timber Press, 2000, pp. 93-184, panels 1-52.
  • E. García-Moya, A. Romero-Manzanares, PS Nobel: Highlights for Agave Productivity. In: GCB Bioenergy. Volume 3, number 1, 2011, pp. 4-14 ( doi: 10.1111 / j.1757-1707.2010.01078.x ).
  • James L. Reveal, Wendy C. Hodgson: Agave In: Flora of North America. Oxford University Press 2002, pp. 442-461 (online) .
  • Ivana Richter: The genus agave. AIAS, 2011.
  • Luis Hernández-Sandoval, Roger Orellana, Germán Carnevali: Two new species of Manfreda Salisb. (Agavaceae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. In: The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. Volume 135, Number 2, 2008, pp. 168-177 ( doi: 10.3159 / 08-RA-023.1 ).
  • JA Narvaez-Zapata, LF Sanchez-Teyer: Agaves as a Raw Material: Recent Technologies and Applications. In: Recent Patents on Biotechnology. Volume 3, Number 3, 2009, pp. 185-191 ( doi: 10.2174 / 187220809789389144 ).
Phylogeny
  • Sara V. Good-Avila, Valeria Souza, Brandon S. Gaut, Luis E. Eguiarte: Timing and Rate of Speciation in Agave (Agavaceae). In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 103, Number 24, 2006, pp. 9124-9129 ( JSTOR 30051908 ).
  • DJ Bogler, BB Simpson: A chloroplast DNA study of the Agavaceae. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 20, 1995, pp. 191-205 ( doi: 10.2307 / 2419449 ).
  • DJ Bogler, BB Simpson: Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ITS rDNA sequence variation. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 83, 1996, pp. 1225-1235 ( doi: 10.2307 / 2446206 ).
  • DJ Bogler, JC Pires, J. Francisco-Ortega: Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ndhF, rbcL, and ITS sequences: Implications of molecular data for classification. In: JT Columbus, EA Friar, JM Porter, LM Prince, MG Simpson (Eds.): Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding poales. In: Aliso. Volume 22, 2006, pp. 313-328.
  • L. Eguiarte, V. Souza, A. Silva-Montellano: Evolución de la familia Agavaceae: filogenia, ecología evolutiva de la reproducción y genética de poblaciones. In: Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de México. Volume 66, 2000, pp. 131-150.

Web links

Commons : Agave  album with pictures, videos and audio files