Río Lluta
| Río Lluta | ||
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| Data | ||
| location |
 Chile , Región de Arica y Parinacota |
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| River system | Río Lluta | |
| origin | At Humapalca by the confluence of the Río Caracarani and Río Azufre 17 ° 50 ′ 21 ″ S , 69 ° 42 ′ 26 ″ W |
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| Source height | 3984 m | |
| muzzle | Sector Chacalluta in Arica 18 ° 24 ′ 55 ″ S , 70 ° 19 ′ 35 ″ W |
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| Mouth height | 0 m | |
| Height difference | 3984 m | |
| Bottom slope | 27 ‰ | |
| length | 147 km | |
| Catchment area | 3378 km² | |
| Left tributaries | Río Allane, Río Putre, Río Socoroma, Río Colpitas | |
| Small towns | Putre | |
| Residents in the catchment area | 1977 | |
| Navigable | 0 | |
 The Río Lluta in its river bed near the coast. The fertile, green valley cuts through a sterile, gray desert landscape. |
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.JPG) The wetland of the mouth of the Río Lluta is in stark contrast to the surrounding desert. |
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The Río Lluta is a river in the Atacama Desert in Chile . It is the northernmost of the great transverse rivers in Chile that originate in the Andes and flow into the Pacific. It has a water catchment area of 3378 km 2 and over its length of 147 km it carries water all year round through the precipitation in the mountains. In the area characterized by an extremely arid climate, agriculture can be practiced on up to 2% of the area, at least in the coastal river valley. The extensive estuary near the port city of Arica forms a wetland that is a habitat for many water birds.
description
The Río Lluta and its catchment area are located in the northern Atacama Desert in the Región de Arica y Parinacota in Chile , close to the border with Peru and Bolivia . A small part of the catchment area is located in Peru. The Río Lluta is the northernmost of five large transverse rivers in the Región de Arica y Parinacota, which originate in the Andes and flow into the Southeast Pacific .
The catchment area is characterized by an extreme lack of precipitation . There is almost no precipitation below 2000 m. The mean annual precipitation levels only reach a value of 0.4 mm from a height of 900 m above sea level. They increase gradually towards the higher lying zones and reach a maximum of 238 mm at 3500 m above sea level. Most of the precipitation falls in the months of December to March, during the southern summer , which is also known there as the Bolivian winter or Altiplano winter. With the precipitation in the Andes, the Río Lluta can carry water year-round depending on the season. In the central valley, between the coastal zone and the Andes, a discharge of 1.44 m³ / s to 2.35 m³ / s was measured.
A lot of water is lost through strong evaporation , at rates that are on average 2081 mm / a higher than in the neighboring catchment areas. Due to the lack of water, a third of the 3378 km 2 catchment area is devoid of any vegetation . Almost half of the remote area is statistically hardly recognized and has, if any little vegetation. 15% of the catchment area consists of steppe . Agriculture can only be practiced on 2% of the area in the lower river valley. And of this area, only around a third is actually used due to the insufficient amount of water for total irrigation. Corn , alfalfa and some vegetables are grown .
The Río Lluta has its origin at the confluence of the Río Caracarani with the Río Azufre, at 3984 m altitude, near the town of Humapalca ( 17 ° 50 ′ S , 69 ° 42 ′ W ). The Río Caracarani has its headwaters on the Peruvian border. It receives its tributaries from an area of 267 km 2 on the eastern and northern sides of the Tacora volcano . It delivers a variable water contribution from 255 l / s to 640 l / s with an average of 400 l / s. The Río Azufre arises from the water of sulphurous thermal springs ( 17 ° 43 ′ S , 69 ° 49 ′ W ) on the western slopes of the Tacora volcano, is about 20 km long, with a discharge of 45–245 l / s. Its water, which is extremely acidic with pH 3 to pH 1.9, has a high salt content and a high concentration of arsenic and boron , is drained through a channel to evaporation basins in order to reduce the contamination of the Río Lluta. This measure made it possible to continue farming further downstream.
| Caracarani River | ||
| location |
Chile , Región de Arica y Parinacota
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| River system | Lluta | |
| Drain over | Lluta → Pacific | |
| confluence | Río Lluta | |
| Mouth height |
3984 m
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| Catchment area | 267 km² | |
| Río Azufre | ||
| location |
Chile , Región de Arica y Parinacota
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| River system | Lluta | |
| Drain over | Lluta → Pacific | |
| source | Aguas Calientes 17 ° 43 ′ 26 " S , 69 ° 49 ′ 14" W. |
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| Source height | 4486 m | |
| Mouth height | 3984 m | |
| Height difference | 502 m
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The Río Lluta flows from the confluence from north to south. After 16 km the river bed deepens and forms an impressive gorge that is up to 300 m deep. After 26 km the Río Allane flows into it and doubles the amount of water. There the gorge begins to widen. The Río Putre joins after 54 km. Over the next 10 km, the Río Lluta turns west towards the sea, through a gorge with small waterfalls and large rounded rocks in the river bed. The Río Socoroma flows into this section. Halfway to the mouth, which is around 75 km away, near the village of Chironta, the widening river valley begins to decrease its gradient. From there, agriculture is practiced in the river valley.
The mouth of the Río Lluta into the Pacific is north of the city of Arica, in the Chacalluta sector, near the airport. It extends over 171 ha . The resulting coastal wetland is the most important of its kind in the region with extensive vegetation and many water birds, including migratory birds.
Political situation
After independence from Spain, the areas around Arica and Antofagasta initially belonged to the newly formed states Peru and Bolivia and later fell to Chile during the Pacific War (1879–1884). Almost the entire catchment area of the Río Lluta was ceded by Peru to Chile. Due to the loss of territory near Antofagasta, Bolivia became a landlocked country without its own access to the sea. Despite a final peace treaty that was signed by mutual agreement between Chile and Bolivia in 1904 , revisionism soon germinated in Bolivia, which has caused a difficult and often very tense political situation between the two countries to the present day. In the 1970s, when both countries were ruled by military dictatorships, the Chilean side offered to cede an approximately 10 km wide strip of territory along the border with Peru to Bolivia in order to finally create peace. This strip would have made the Río Lluta a border river with Bolivia. The proposal was not implemented because Bolivia did not want to compensate for it and because Peru also made claims in this matter. The government of Chile later rejected this proposal. Most recently, Bolivia tried unsuccessfully in 2015 to enforce a claim to such sovereign access to the sea via the International Court of Justice in The Hague .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Hans Niemeyer Fernández: Hoyas hidrográficas de Chile . Primera Región. Ed .: Ministerio de Obras Públicas. Dirección General de Aguas. Santiago de Chile 1980 ( online (PDF; 5.1 MB) [accessed April 27, 2013]).
- ^ A b Paula A. Guerra, C. González, CE Escauriaza, CA Bonilla, PA Pasten, GE Pizarro: Chemical-hydrodynamic control of arsenic mobility at river confluence . In: One Century of the Discovery of Arsenicosis in Latin America (1914-2014) As2014: Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment, May 11-16, 2014, Buenos Aires, Argentina . 2014, p. 56-57 ( online [accessed September 13, 2015]).
- ↑ a b c d e f cade-idepe consultores en ingenería: Diagnostico de clasificación de los cursos y cuerpos de agua según objeticos de calidad . Cuenca del Río Lluta. Ed .: Dirección General de Aguas, Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Gobierno de Chile. 2004 ( online [PDF; accessed September 6, 2015]). online ( Memento of the original from June 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Baeza Bravo, Leonardo Ismael. "Estudio Ambiental y Económico: Análisis Mineralógico y Geoquímico de Sedimentos del Sistema Fluvial del Río Lluta, XV Región de Arica y Parinacota, Chile." (2010). ( online , accessed September 13, 2015)
- ↑ Guerra, PA, et al. "Modeling the fate of arsenic in a fluvial confluence: A case study." One Century of the Discovery of Arsenicosis in Latin America (1914-2014) As2014: Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment, May 11-16, 2014, Buenos Aires, Argentina. CRC Press, 2014. ( online )
- ^ A b Daniela Cabrera, Carlos Bonilla: Evaluación de un filtro vegetatinal para el control de la erosión en faenas mineras abandonadas . In: I3 . Journal de Investigación de Pregrado. No. 2 , August 2012, p. 49–52 ( online [PDF; accessed September 14, 2015]).
- ↑ Guerra, PA, et al. "The fate of arsenic in sediments formed at a river confluence affected by acid mine drainage." AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 1. 2012. bibcode : 2012AGUFM.H42F..04G
- ↑ http://www.panoramio.com/photo/54116127 Señalización de la estación fluviométrica en el Río Caracarani, cercana a la localidad de Humapalca, Comuna de General Lagos, Provincia de Parinacota, Chile.
- ↑ Estimated with Google Earth 2015
- ↑ Loreto Correa, Juan Muñoz, Viviana García: La cesión territorial como respuesta a la demanda marítima boliviana: antecedentes y posibilidades . In: Revista Encrucijada Americana . Volume 5, N ° 2, 2012, ISSN 0718-5766 , OCLC 643778873 ( online [PDF; accessed September 15, 2015]).
- ↑ Longing for salt water. In: sueddeutsche.de. May 5, 2015, accessed August 24, 2018 .
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