Rust-colored thimble

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Rust-colored thimble
Rust-colored foxglove (Digitalis ferruginea)

Rust-colored foxglove ( Digitalis ferruginea )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Plantain family (Plantaginaceae)
Genre : Thimbles ( digitalis )
Type : Rust-colored thimble
Scientific name
Digitalis ferruginea
L.

The rust-colored thimble ( Digitalis ferruginea ), also rust colored thimble , Brown Foxglove , Red-brown thimble and Rusty thimble called, is a plant from the genus of the thimbles ( Digitalis ) in the family of plantain plants (Plantaginaceae). The generic name Digitalis is derived from the Latin word digitus for finger and refers to the characteristic flower shape. The species-specific part of the name ferruginea means "rust-colored, rust-brown, iron-like, iron-gray" and refers here to the red-brown flower color. All parts of the plant are highly toxic.

description

Central part of an inflorescence

The rust-colored foxglove grows as a biennial to short-lived perennial . In the first year it forms a basal rosette with narrow 10–20 cm long basal leaves. In the following year, a stalk up to 120 cm high, densely leafed and covered with flowers, sprouts from the leaf rosette . The leaves are lanceolate, smooth on top and slightly hairy on the underside along the leaf veins. The terminal, racemose inflorescence is densely covered with yellow-brown to rust-red flowers. The hermaphrodite, zygomorphic flowers are 1.8 to 3.5 cm long and have darker veins on the inside. They have a tongue-shaped lower lip that is covered with long, light hairs on the top and bottom. The flowering period extends from July to August. After flowering and fruit ripening, the leaf rosette usually dies. However, the plant often forms new basal rosettes from the basal axillary buds so that it can survive several years of flowering.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 56.

ecology

Lower flower lips with hairs

The foxglove flowers are pollinated by many species of bees , particularly long- nosed bumblebees such as garden bumblebees , field bumblebees and field bumblebees . The dust bag and scars are far behind on the inner wall of the flower, so that insects to reach the nectar crawl into the flower and stamens stripes. Larger, hairy insects in particular are loaded with pollen . On the other hand, the long hairs on the lower lip of the flower keep many smaller insect species from crawling into the flower.

Occurrence

The rust-colored foxglove is native from Italy eastwards across the Balkan Peninsula and the Carpathian Mountains to Turkey , Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan as well as Syria and Lebanon . It inhabits forests and bushes in submontane and montane altitudes up to 2700 m. There are inconsistent ( neophytic ) occurrences in Germany. The rust-colored foxglove prefers the edges of forests , lofts and bushes in sunny to partially shaded locations. The plant tolerates both acidic and alkaline soils, but needs soil with good water holding capacity. It is used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens . In the distribution area, the summers are usually low in precipitation. The plant prefers to grow there on soils with coarse, porous components that dry only slowly.

use

Rusty thimble leaf rosettes

The rust-colored foxglove forms impressive inflorescences like many other types of foxgloves and is therefore grown as an ornamental plant. It belongs to the shade-tolerant, tall flowering perennials and even its dark green, glossy leaf rosettes are considered very decorative. The 'Gigantea' variety has larger, 4 cm long flowers, the 'Gelber Herold' variety has mustard-colored (yellow-brown) flowers. Both varieties grow up to 150 cm in normal garden soil. In garden architecture, the flower colors of the rust-colored thimble are considered to be an effective orange and are described as amber, peach or apricot. The plant is considered to be "rather wild" and a valuable structure plant in the natural garden . Because the foxglove as a monocarpic plant can only survive over the years in a perennial planting by self-sowing and requires open, unworked soil for this, it usually does not last long with conventional perennial care. The Dutch landscape gardener Henk Gerritsen surrounded the rust-colored foxglove in the herb garden of the Priona Gardens with wormwood , hyssop , thyme , rue and oregano . He saw thimbles as “playful two-year-olds ” (“playful biennials”) who liven up the garden because they bloom in a different place every year.

The plant contains medically effective cardiac glycosides . The main pharmacological interest in the genus Digitalis is directed towards two other types of foxglove, the red foxglove and the woolly foxglove , which have a higher active ingredient content and, in contrast to the rust-colored foxglove, are also traditionally used as medicinal plants .

Systematics

The first publication of Digitalis ferruginea was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . P. 622. Known subspecies of Digitalis ferruginea are:

  • Digitalis ferruginea subsp. ferruginea : Widespread in Thrace, peripheral areas of Anatolia including the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean coast and the western Black Sea region of Turkey in low elevations and mountains from 0 m to 2700 m altitude. The corolla is relatively large (15–23 mm) with a broad middle lobe of the lower lip (5–8 mm). The flower is reddish-brown to yellowish-brown on the outside.
  • Digitalis ferruginea subsp. shishkinii : Widespread in the Turkish Black Sea region and eastern Anatolia to the western Caucasus in lowlands and mountains from 100 m to 2200 m altitude. The corolla is relatively small (10–16 mm) with a narrow middle lobe of the lower lip (3–5 mm). The outside of the flower is yellow to greenish-yellow with or without a shade of red.

swell

  • Max Wichtl: Digitalis: From Foxglove to β-Methyldigoxin. In: Pharmacy in our time . 7th year 1978, No. 2, pp. 33-45. doi: 10.1002 / pauz.19780070201
  • Ester Sales Clemente, Frieder Müller-Uri, Sergio G. Nebauer, Juan Segura, Wolfgang Kreis, Isabel Arrillaga: Digitalis. In: C. Kole (Ed.): Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources, Plantation and Ornamental Crops. Springer-Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2011, Chapter 5, pp. 73–112. doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-642-21201-7_5
  • Kumar Vermaa, Ashok Kumar Dasc, Gunce Sahin Cingoza, Ekrem Gurela: In vitro culture of Digitalis L. (Foxglove) and the production of cardenolides: An up-to-date review. In: Industrial Crops and Products. Volume 94, 2016, pp. 20-51. doi: 10.1016 / j.indcrop.2016.08.031
  • Wolfgang Kreis: The Foxgloves (Digitalis) Revisited. In: Planta Medica . Volume 83, 2017, pp. 962-976. doi: 10.1055 / s-0043-111240
  • Richard Hansen , Friedrich Stahl: The perennials and their areas of life. 6th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2016, ISBN 978-3-8001-8385-2 , p. 168.
  • Leo Jelitto, Wilhelm Schacht , Hans Simon: The outdoor ornamental perennials, manual and lexicon of garden perennials. Volume 1: A to H. 5th, completely revised edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3265-6 , p. 293.

Web links

Commons : Rust-colored thimble ( Digitalis ferruginea )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Description of Digitalis ferruginea at galasearch: (galasearch.de)
  2. ↑ Entry in the Chromosome Counts Database: (ccdb.tau.ac.il)
  3. ↑ Livio Comba: Patch use by bumblebees (Hymenoptera Apidae): temperature, wind, flower density and traplining . In: Ethology Ecology & Evolution. Volume 11, Issue 3, Taylor & Francis, 1999, p. 243. (doi.org)
  4. ↑ Distribution according to Euro + Med PlantBase: ww2.bgbm.org
  5. ↑ a b İsmail Eker, Muhammad Sameeullah, Buhara Yucesan, Walter Welss, Frieder Müller-Uri, Kekrem Gürel, Wolfgang Kreis: Phylogeny of Anatolian (Turkey) species in the Digitalis sect. Globiflorae (Plantaginaceae). P. 11 and p. 13. (dx.doi.org)
  6. ↑ Distribution map at FloraWeb: (floraweb.de)
  7. ↑ Richard Hansen , Friedrich Stahl: The perennials and their areas of life. 6th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2016, ISBN 978-3-8001-8385-2 , p. 168.
  8. ^ Leo Jelitto, Wilhelm Schacht , Hans Simon: Die Freiland-Schmuckstauden, manual and lexicon of garden perennials: Volume 1: A to H. 5th, completely revised edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3265-6 , p. 293.
  9. ^ The Royal Horticultural Society: Perennials, The Great Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley Verlag, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-8310-2752-1 , p. 168.
  10. ^ Nobert Kühn: New use of perennials. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2011, ISBN 978-3-8001-5970-3 , p. 168, p. 196 and p. 207.
  11. ↑ Website of the Foundation Priona Tuinen on Priona Gardens: [1]
  12. ↑ Henk Gerritsen, Anton Schlepers: Spelen met de natuur - De natuur as inspiratiebron voor de tuin. Uitgeverij Terra, Warnsveld 1993, ISBN 90-6255-545-4 , p. 129.
  13. ^ Piet Oudolf, Henk Gerritsen: Dream Plants for the Natural Garden. Frances Lincoln, London 2011, ISBN 978-0-7112-3462-8 , p. 99 and p. 103.
  14. ↑ Kumar Vermaa, Ashok Kumar Dasc, Gunce Sahin Cingoza, Ekrem Gurela: In vitro culture of Digitalis L. (Foxglove) and the production of cardenolides: An up-to-date review. In: Industrial Crops and Products. Volume 94, Elsevier BV 2016, p. 26. (dx.doi.org)
  15. ↑ Max Wichtl: Digitalis: From Foxglove to β-Methyldigoxin. In: Pharmacy in our time. 7th year, No. 2, 1978, p. 33. doi: 10.1002 / pauz.19780070201