Soot-gray blubber

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Soot-gray blubber
Russula consobrina (Fr.) Fr.JPG

Soot-gray blubber ( Russula consobrina )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Soot-gray blubber
Scientific name
Russula consobrina
( Fr. ) Fr.

The soot-gray blubber ( Russula consobrina ) is a leaf fungus from the family of the blubber relatives (Russulaceae). The medium-sized Täubling has a soot-gray to dirty dark olive-brown or -grey, damp, very greasy hat, whitish lamellae and a cream-colored spore powder. The pungent-tasting and therefore inedible mushroom smells fruity or inconspicuous. Its flesh turns red with formol. The spores have line-like connections between the lower warts, which form an almost complete network. The mycorrhizal fungusmostly appears between July and September almost exclusively in mountain conifer forests over silicate rock. Its main companions are spruce and pine. In the southern German mountains and the Alps it occurs scattered, elsewhere it is very rare or absent entirely.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat has a diameter of 5–10 (12) cm. It is hemispherical when young, later arched to flattened and depressed in the middle or broadly naveled. The surface is finely veined with radial veins to slightly bumpy and has a silky sheen when dry. When wet, it becomes shiny and greasy. The color ranges from dark gray or olive brown to umber olive to pale sooty. The edge is tinted lighter and smooth. According to Krieglsteiner et al. it should be strongly and broadly grooved or ribbed. Half of the hat skin is removable. Overall, the hat is quite fleshy, but easily fragile.

The slats are first white and then cream-colored with a dirty grayish tone. They are quite crowded, thin and stand 4–8 mm from the hat meat in a longitudinal section. In addition, they are often forked and pinned to a stem. Its smooth cutting edge is colored ocher yellow and the spore powder is cream-colored ( IIb-c according to Romagnesi ).

The cylindrical to spindle-shaped stalk is initially white, but later turns gray and finally brownish-gray. It measures 4–8 (13) × 1–2.5 (3) cm, the surface is finely veined. The base of the stem can sometimes turn pink. This discoloration is not observed in specimens that are soaked through. The inside of the stem is initially full and has a spongy but firm consistency; later it is also chambered and hollow. The relatively thick and firm flesh is more or less white, but gray under the cap skin. It tastes very hot. Its fruity smell is reminiscent of the cherry red Spei-Täubling ( R. emetica ). The deaf can also smell quite inconspicuously. With iron sulfate the meat of the hat turns a dirty gray- pink, with guaiac blue-green, while phenol turns wine-brown and formula red.

Microscopic features

The round to elliptical spores measure 7.5–10.5 × 6.5–9.5 µm. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.1–1.2. The 0.4–0.8 µm high spore ornamentation consists of numerous, partially elongated warts that are connected to one another via line-like connections to form an almost complete network.

The four-pore, club-shaped basidia measure 47–52 × 10–12 µm. The numerous hymenial cystids turn gray-black in sulfobenzaldehyde and blue in sulfovanillin . The cheilocystids are spindle-shaped, more rarely cylindrical or awl-shaped, and often have an appendage at their tip; the larger pleurocystids are similar. They measure 50–110 × 8–12 µm, while the cheilocystidia are 50–80 µm long and 8–11 µm wide.

The top layer of the hat consists of cylindrical to irregularly shaped, one to two septate hairs that are 3–6 µm wide and more or less upright in the epicutis. In between there are more or less cylindrical and at the tip sometimes constricted Pileocystiden . These are about 5–8 (12) µm wide and turn pale gray-black in sulfobenzaldehyde. At the septa they can also be enlarged in ampoule form.

Species delimitation

At the same location, in acidic coniferous forests, the smoky-brown black-deafening ( Russula adusta ) and the dense-leaved black-deafening ( Russula densifolia ) also occur. The two similar black- pebbles also have graying and reddening flesh. However, their hat is white or whitish when they are young and their flesh always turns black after lying down for a long time. In addition, their spores are significantly smaller. A similar hat color to the species described here also has the sharp-tasting Camembert's deafling ( Russula amoenolens ). It usually grows in oaks and its flesh never turns gray or reddened. It also has an unpleasant, rubbery to maggi-like odor typical of the Pectinata group . In none of these three deafblings does the flesh turn red with formol.

ecology

The soot-gray Täubling can be found in spruce, fir and spruce forests. There it colonizes fresh to very moist, sour-humic, partly podsolized brown earth , which is poor in nutrients and bases . These are formed over crystalline parent rock. The fungus also prefers montane locations.

The soot-gray blotch is a mycorrhizal fungus that lives in symbiosis with spruce and pine . The fruiting bodies appear between July and October.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the soot-gray taupe.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The soot-gray blubber is common in the Holarctic in North America (Canada, USA), Europe and North Asia (Caucasus, Russia). In Europe, it is widespread and sometimes common in northern, northeastern and eastern Europe. On the other hand, it is less common in the higher altitudes of the low and high mountain ranges of Central and Southeastern Europe. The main distribution area extends from Fennoscandinavia to the south to Lithuania and the former East Prussia as well as east to central Russia. Furthermore, it can be found in the Alps and Carpathians as well as in the high altitudes of the Vosges , the Black Forest , the Bavarian and Bohemian Forests , the Sudetes and the High Tatras .

    The red list of large mushrooms in Germany lists the species as critically endangered (endangerment category 1).

    Systematics

    The questioning classification of the soot-gray blubber is not easy. From Bon it is placed in the Felleinae subsection , which is below the Russula section. At Sarnari it is in its own Consobrinae subsection . R-DNA analyzes show that the species is closely related to the representatives of the Exalbicantinae subsection .

    meaning

    The soot-gray Täubling is inedible due to its strongly pungent taste.

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Russula consobrina. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved August 18, 2011 .
    2. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 152.
    3. ^ Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne and Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann and Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 978-87-635-1277-0 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 37–59, here p. 56 ( online ).
    4. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 592 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    5. ↑ Zdenko Tkalcec & Mesic Armin: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. I. Families Pleurotaceae and Tricholomataceae. In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 81, 2002, pp. 113-176 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    6. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula consobrina. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014 ; Retrieved February 8, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    7. ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder, Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg. Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 560.
    8. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]).
    9. ↑ Grid map of Russula consobrina. In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Retrieved February 8, 2014 .
    10. ↑ Russula consobrina. Pilzoek database, accessed February 8, 2014 .
    11. ↑ ANNA RONIKIER, SLAVOMÍR ADAMČÍK: CRITICAL REVIEW OF RUSSULA SPECIES (AGARICOMYCETES) KNOWN FROM TATRA NATIONAL PARK (POLAND AND SLOVAKIA) . In: Polish Botanical Journal . tape 54 , no. 1 , 2009, p. 41-53 ( online [PDF]).
    12. ↑ Editor: Rote Liste Zentrum: Detail page - Rote Liste. Retrieved March 29, 2020 .

    Web links

    Commons : Russula consobrina ( Russula consobrina )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files