Satluj
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Satluj Sutlej |
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 Course of the Satluj |
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| Data | ||
| location |
Tibet ( PR China ), Himachal Pradesh , Punjab ( India ), Punjab ( Pakistan ) |
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| River system | Indus | |
| Drain over | Panjnad → Indus → Indian Ocean | |
| Source lake |
Rakshastal 30 ° 50 ′ 39 ″ N , 81 ° 12 ′ 17 ″ E |
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| Association with |
Chanab to Panjnad Coordinates: 29 ° 20 ′ 57 ″ N , 71 ° 1 ′ 41 ″ E 29 ° 20 ′ 57 ″ N , 71 ° 1 ′ 41 ″ E
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| length | approx. 1500 km | |
| Catchment area | approx. 395,000 km² | |
| Drain |
MNQ |
500 m³ / s |
| Left tributaries | Baspa | |
| Right tributaries | Spiti , Beas | |
| Reservoirs flowed through |
Koldam dam , Bhakra dam , Harike dam |
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| Small towns | Rekong Peo | |
 Satluj in Himachal Pradesh |
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Satluj (also Sutlej or Satlej ; Urdu ستلج; Tibetan གླང་ཆེན་ གཙང་ པོ ZWPY Langqên Zangbo , Wylie glang chen gtsang po ; Hindi सतलुज Satluj ; Panjabi ਸਤਲੁਜ Satluj ; Chinese 象 泉河 , Pinyin Xiàngquán Hé ; English Sutlej ) is the longest of the five rivers of the Punjab with around 1450 km .
course
The river has its source in Tibet near Mount Kailash . From here it flows through the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab , where it absorbs the waters of the Beas . For a good 100 km it forms the border between India and Pakistan. In Pakistan it unites with the Chanab ; together with this it forms the Panjnad , which finally flows into the Indus .
Myth and History
The Satluj originally drained into the mythical and not reliably localized Sarasvati until around 1700 BC. BC reversed the direction of the river due to tectonic activities and thus became a tributary of the Indus . As a result, the Sarasvati dried up, which led to the desertification of Cholistan .
The Shang Shung culture existed along the largely ravine-like upper course of the river more than two thousand years ago . The ruins of their capital Khyunglung Ngülkhar , the "Silver Palace in the Garuda Valley", are located above a basin of the Satluj in western Tibet. The Austrian Bruno Baumann looked for the Buddhist Shangri-La there and came across the cradle of this Tibetan culture, the ruins left by the kingdom of the Shang Shung kings.
In the west, the Sutlej breaks through the main Himalayan ridge near the Shipki Pass to flow down through deep gorges in the Indian Kinnaur district . This is the region of the old Hindustan Tibet Road , a caravan route from India to Tibet laid high above the river, which is now replaced by the National Highway 22, built since 1961, near the river.
use
In India, the river is becoming a main source of regenerative energy supply, for which the state of Himachal Pradesh is exemplary: already in the upper reaches through the Chakri Project in Kinnaur, which directs the river down through tunnel systems, to the reservoirs of Bilaspur in the hill country of Himachal Pradesh . In the Harike reservoir in the state of Haryana , part of its water is drained into the Indira-Gandhi Canal , which irrigates large parts of the (semi) desert of Thar about 250 to 400 km further southwest in the state of Rajasthan .
See also
literature
- Bruno Baumann : The Garuda's Silver Palace. The discovery of Tibet's last secret. Piper Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-492-25099-3
- Heavy metal pollution of the Satluj and Harike Wetland
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Article Satluj in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ Bruno Baumann: Press release, Expeditions: Atlantis in the Himalaya, 2006. Accessed on June 14, 2009 .