Schadegard

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Schadegard was a settlement that existed near or on the territory of the Hanseatic city of Stralsund . In 1271 the settlement was abandoned. Nothing is known about the exact location. The two prevailing, contradicting ideas about the former location of Schadegard can be traced back to different interpretations of the written mentions in Latin. Since both areas in question are densely built-up, there is no way to obtain clarity through archaeological investigations.

Document mentions

In 1269, Prince Wizlaw II signed a document with the following Latin text. This document is the first of only two mentions of Schadegard:

"(...) qua propter notum esse volumus universis, quod nos prudentium nostrorum uti consilio burgensium nostrorum videlicet dilectorum Stralessund propter melius bonum et propter utilitatem futuram civitatem nostram novam, Schadegard procedenteis alpto procedenteis a tempo procedente adnichiland dictiam ubi nostris dilectis expedire videbitur, exponendam (...) “.

The second and last known mention of Schadegard comes from the year 1271:

"Anno Domini 1271 the beate Katerine magister Godefredus ortolanus convenit cimiterium in Schadegarde et quoddam aliud spaciam ad hoc ad 12 annos, ita tamen quod singulis annis dabit civitati 2 libras"

The translation of the texts into German is controversial among historians. There is general agreement that Prince Wizlaw II gave up Schadegard with the first document at the request of "his beloved residents of Stralsund". What form this "task" was is then already controversial. The second text reports on the leasing of a plot of land related to Schadegard by the Stralsund City Council on November 23, 1271 to a gardener. There are different interpretations of the type of property.

Neither of the two documentary mentions makes explicit statements about the location of Schadegard or allows clear locations.

Surname

The name Schadegard can be interpreted in different ways. The meanings “Wartburg”, “gray city / castle” and “small town / castle” are represented.

At first it was assumed that Schadegard could be interpreted as a Wartburg, analogous to the Polish term czata for guard, guard post because of the part of the name “Schade” . According to F. Liewehr, however, the word czata did not find its way into the Polish language until the 17th century. Teodolius Witkowski therefore interpreted the name component “Schade” as north-west Slavic for sady ( gray ) and “gard” for the north-west Slavic designation castle / palace / city ; Schadegard would therefore mean gray city / castle . Max Bathe again refers to the occurrence of the name component "Schade" in field and settlement names such as Schadebeuster near Perleberg , Schadewohl and Schadeberg in the Altmark and Schadefähre . "Too bad" means small here and Schadegard means small town / castle.

It is unlikely that Schadegard was still a castle at the time of the demolition . Because the Slavic castles went to Vorpommern after 1235 and to Hinterpommern after 1240 , after the German bailiwick constitution had replaced the Wendish castellan constitution there. At the time of Schadegard's dissolution in 1269, no more castles were built. The princes mostly built a "princely house" instead of the castles.

The Stralsund Neustadt

City map of Stralsund from 1647, combining the old town and the new town

The first documentary mention of a Stralsund Neustadt took place in 1256 :

"(...) quod nos domui S. Spiritius in nostra civitate noviter fabricate contulimus (...) quandam insulam sive agrum adjacentem nove civitati (...)".

This new town was located around today's Neuer Markt between Lobshagen and Tribseer Tor . Prince Wizlaw I had given the settlement of Stralsund on the banks of the Strelasund 12 years earlier, in 1234, the town charter based on the Rostock model . At that time, the city of Stralsund had its center in today's old town around the old market up to the line Papenstraße - Apollonienmarkt - Katharinenberg .

Location of Schadegards

Schadegard's location is assumed to be either in the area of Neustadt , near today's Neuer Markt south of the founding center of Stralsund (around today's Alter Markt ) or in the area of ​​today's Kniepervorstadt in the north of the original city center. Since an archaeological investigation is not possible in these areas due to the dense residential development, the exact determination is difficult. The two documents in Latin are translated or interpreted differently by historians.

Location in Stralsund's Neustadt

Among the advocates of a position Schadegards south of the original center of Stralsund, in the later Neustadt belong Hellmuth Heyden and Herbert Ewe . In 1958, however, Ewe called his conjecture “a daring hypothesis”.

Heyden locates Schadegard together with the church of St. Peter and Paul, which no longer exists today, near today's Katharinenberg and the Katharinenkloster and partly on today's Neuer Markt. After the castle was demolished, a princely house with the castle chapel of St. Peter was built there. After the castle hamlet of Schadegard was abolished in 1269 and incorporated into Stralsund, the Neustadt would have been more closely connected to the old town as a replacement for Schadegard . Heyden points out that his theory is supported by the fact that the old and new towns have actually grown together.

Stralsund documents actually mention a (now defunct) St. Peter and Paul Church. Churches consecrated to Peter were built in many places in Pomerania instead of the former pagan temples in Slavic castles (for example in Stettin in 1124). Around 1298, the German settlers in Neustadt began building St. Mary's Church . Until about 1321 there were apparently two large churches in Stralsund Neustadt : The Marienkirche served the German settlers and St. Peter the Wendish residents.

To prove his thesis, Heyden interprets the word “nichilanda” in the first document in the sense of cancellation and not termination (according to Heyden, the word destruere would have been used for this). He sees his translation supported by the “Codex Pomeraniae diplomaticus” (pp. 403, 405, 601 ff.). "Exponenda" he translates as out within the meaning of out another from an existing settlement and building out . According to Heyden, a new building would have been described as exstruere or locale . In fact, the Stralsund documents (the first Stralsund document book begins in 1270) never mentions the demolition of a town or the construction of a new one. For this, Witzlaw II certified in 1273 that he wanted to increase the orbare in the event of a connection between the old town of Stralsund and a new town:

"(...) extra prenominate ville munitionis ambitum villa de novo fundate tamquam priori annexa (...)."

According to Heyden, the temporal proximity suggests that the processes described in the documents from 1269 and 1273 involved the same process, namely a connection between Stralsund's old town and Schadegard as a new town in the form of an incorporation.

He also sees his thesis supported by his interpretation of the second document, according to which the Schadegarder Kirchhof (“cimiterium in Schadegarde”) was leased in 1271 . He suspects St. Peter's Church in this churchyard. Hagemeister mentions (but without citing the source) that the Rügen prince retired to a church during the attack by the Pomeranian dukes Bogislaw II and Casimir II in 1212, which, according to Heyden, would have been the Schadegard church. Heyden thus interprets the fact that the lease had to be paid to Stralsund as evidence that Schadegard only lost his independence and would have become a district of Stralsund. The reason for the desire of the Stralsund citizens to cancel Schadegard's independence (as a castle town dependent on the sovereign) would have been the urge to expand the urban area in a southerly direction.

According to Heyden, “nova civitas” would have been the area that was outside the founding center and that developed from a Slavic castle town to a German settlement with the constant expansion of the city due to the influx of Germans.

Location north of the city of Stralsund

Historians such as A. Brandenburg, Otto Fock and Konrad Fritze suspect Schadegard to be in the area of ​​today's Kniepervorstadt . They assume that Schadegard was an independent town near Stralsund.

They suggest "civitas novas" as a new city and not as Neustadt in contrast to the old town (civitas antiquarian). The city of Stralsund is also referred to as "civitas nova" in a document dated February 25, 1240, in which the city's city rights are confirmed again. Here “civitas nova” is probably used in the sense of a (recently) newly founded city.

Ernst Uhsemann sees Schadegard as the re-establishment of the Stralsund citizens after the attack by the Lübeckers and the associated almost complete destruction of the newly founded city of Stralsund in 1249. He refers to Brandenburg's statements, according to which the “new city of Schadegard (...) from the Stralsunders themselves (was) created; it had no residents of its own and no authorities of its own; the announced destruction was only the formal acknowledgment that Stralsund had been restored as a "city" ".

Konrad Fritze also suspects that Schadegard was north, on the Strelasund. He sees the Schadegard complex as a fortification that was built to provide better protection for Stralsund. Fritze sees the development of a suburbium as possible around the plant, which competed with Stralsund and was therefore not tolerated by the Stralsund people.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Pomeranian Document Book II. 903 for the year 1269.
  2. ^ Carl Gustav Fabricius : The oldest Stralsund city book 1270-1310. Berlin 1872.
  3. ↑ a b Teodolius Witkowski: Strela - Stralow - Stralsund - Schadegard linguistically. In: Greifswald-Stralsund yearbook. Volume 4, 1964, p. 66.
  4. ↑ Hellmuth Heyden : On the Schadegard problem. In: Greifswald-Stralsund yearbook. Volume 4, 1964, p. 57.
  5. ↑ Pommersches Urkundenbuch II. P. 32 f., No. 625
  6. ^ Herbert Ewe : The old town of Stralsund. Investigations into existing buildings and the preservation of urban monuments. Berlin 1958, p. 15.
  7. ↑ Hellmuth Heyden : On the Schadegard problem. In: Greifswald-Stralsund yearbook. Volume 4, 1964, pp. 57-62.
  8. ^ Carl Gustav Fabricius: The oldest Stralsund city book 1270-1310. Berlin 1872.
  9. ^ W. Hagemeister: A walk through the St. Nikolaikirche in Stralsund. Stralsund 1900.
  10. ↑ Pomeranian Document Book I. 374.
  11. ↑ Ernst Uhsemann : Forays through the old Stralsund. Publishing house of the Royal Government Printing House, Stralsund 1925, p. 10.
  12. ^ A. Brandenburg: Where was Stralsund 600 years ago? Stralsund 1830.
  13. ↑ Konrad Fritze: Origin, rise and prosperity of the Hanseatic city of Stralsund. In: History of the City of Stralsund. Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1984, p. 16.