Gotha Castle Park
The castle park is one with 37 ha of the largest parks in Germany . It is one of the most important sights in Gotha . To the south of the complex is one of the oldest landscaped gardens outside of England . It goes back to plans from 1765. In 2007, the Gothaer Schlosspark was voted the fourth most beautiful park in Central Germany by viewers of the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk. The English Garden in particular is characterized by its old trees, including pedunculate oaks that are over 500 years old .
history
Castle wall garden
The Gothaer Schlosspark started with the construction of Schloss Friedenstein by Duke Ernst I (the Pious) of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in the years 1643 to 1648. The so-called Schlosswallgarten, established at that time, served to supply the ducal kitchen and to relax the ducal Family. It was laid out in a rectangular shape and provided space for numerous potted plants in the north. Herb beds were laid out in the south, separated from each other by hedges of currants, roses and gooseberries. The flower beds contained lilies , daffodils , hyacinths , crocuses , irises , hemerocallis and tulips and served as a status symbol for the duke. The castle wall garden existed until around 1772 and was converted when the city of Gotha was deconsolidated.
Large kitchen garden
The new construction of the large kitchen garden was also built under Duke Ernst I of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in the area between today's Park-Allee and the Leinakanal , which was built in the 14th century between Schönau and Gotha to remove water from the arid city To supply the Thuringian Forest. In the large kitchen garden, citrus plants were grown in pots . In the south there was also the gardener's house, the bitter orange house. The large kitchen garden existed until 1864. The Ducal Museum in neo-Renaissance style was built on part of its area by 1879 , the rest was used for the so-called fir garden.
Baroque garden
The baroque garden was laid out from 1708 to 1711 with the construction of the Friedrichsthal Palace under Duke Friedrich II in the east outside the ramparts of the time. It consisted of decorative beds, cut tree quarters and cut green wood walls. The main axis was laid out in a west-east direction and ended in the so-called courtyard of honor. In the center was a large fountain. The park border consisted of multi-row tree avenues. The baroque garden was built with government buildings from the last decade of the 19th century (ducal district and regional court 1894–1896, ducal rent office 1906–1908).
Orangery
From 1708, Duke Friedrich II had the terraced Ordonnanzgarten u. To the east below the fortifications of Schloss Friedenstein. a. with a greenhouse for the ducal collection of orangery plants. It got its name from the orderly house built in 1708 on the east side of the garden , which housed the ducal bodyguard on horseback. On behalf of Duke Friedrich III. and his wife Luise Dorothée , the Ordonnanzgarten was expanded by Johann Erhard Straßburger into a more extensive orangery with a fountain and a small pleasure house.
In 1747 the Weimar regional supervisor Gottfried Heinrich Krohne was commissioned to transform the garden into an "orange garden" based on the French model. The garden was expanded by purchasing land, the old buildings were demolished and a new building ensemble was erected with two cold and two greenhouses. The architecture of the garden, now officially called the Orangery , was oriented towards the Friedrichsthal Palace opposite . The last construction work on the buildings could not be completed until 1767 by Krohne's successor Johann David Weidner , the gardening work itself was not even finished until 1774.
Although the originally planned baroque design of the garden parterre was no longer carried out due to the long construction period and the changed taste in the garden, the Gotha Orangery had a reputation as one of the most outstanding of its kind in the end of the 18th century due to its attractive layout and extensive collection of exotic plants To be Germany. In 1796, almost 3,000 buckets of bitter oranges, lemons, bay leaves, figs and pineapple plants were said to have found space on the paths and along the lawns.
Before the First World War, the once extensive plant population declined rapidly and the use of the complex as an orangery was given up. In 1955 the southern greenhouse, badly damaged in the war, was demolished. Since 2004, the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation has been building a new collection of orangery plants, trying to renovate the existing buildings and using the garden as an orangery again after a 90-year break.
English Garden / Ducal Park
It was built from 1765 south of the Leinakanal at the suggestion and under Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and, along with Harbke and Wörlitzer Park, is one of the oldest landscaped gardens on the continent. The plant was carried out by gardeners John Haverfield the Younger and Christian Heinrich Wehmeyer, the former court gardener of Molsdorf Castle. It was built around the large park pond in the south. On its northwest bank, Carl Christoph Besser built a Doric temple based on the ancient model between 1775 and 1777, dedicated to the god Mercury, which is considered to be the first Greek-Doric temple in Thuringia. In the eastern part of the English Garden there are numerous North American trees that come from the Kew Botanical Garden and were given to the Duke by his aunt, Princess Auguste of Wales. For the planting, old pedunculate oaks were brought in from the surrounding forests with teams of oxen. The transport took place under the direction of Colonel Johann Bartholomaeus Orphal, who was in the service of the Duke. Some of the old trees have been preserved to this day. The extension of the landscape garden in the west was added from 1780 to 1782. The Belt Walk , based on the ideas of the English garden designer Lancelot Brown around the Great Park Pond , which also leads past the Temple of Mercury, was restored in its original course in 2009. In contrast to most of the other English landscape gardens, which were directly related to the surrounding landscape, Gotha Park was originally enclosed by a wall that was only removed in the 19th century. After the death of head gardener Wehmeyer in 1813, the English garden visibly deteriorated. In 1780/81 the chapel, known today as the Teeschlösschen , was built in neo-Gothic style in the eastern part of the English Garden above the orangery by Carl Christoph Besser . The pleasure palace, which was expanded several times in the following years and is located on the site of the former garden of the Duchess , served u. a. the Duchesses Charlotte Amalie and Karoline Amalie as a summer stay, later as an Anglican chapel and now as a kindergarten.
Burial island in the park pond
A special feature of the English Garden is the burial island in the large park pond. Between 1779 and 1848 it was used for the burial of members of the House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg . It was laid out based on the aesthetic model of the Île des peupliers ("Island of Poplars") in the palace gardens of Ermenonville, today's Parc Jean-Jacques-Rousseau . In 1779 Princes Ludwig (d. 1777) and Ernst (d. 1779) were buried here in the underground crypt newly built by the architect Carl Christoph Besser . Two years later, Duke Ernst II had a “granite column with an urn made of Carrara marble and a base from Serpentino antico” (no longer preserved today) erected by the sculptor Friedrich Wilhelm Doell . The column carried a metal plaque with the inscription Qies Ernesti et Ludovici carissimorum EDSG et Charlottae filiorum MDCCLXXIX (resting place of Ernst and Ludwig, the beloved sons of Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, and Charlotte 1779). The island was planted with weeping willows, hanging birches, firs and cypresses to increase the melancholy character.
In 1804 Ernst II was buried as a Freemason next to the crypt in bare earth and without a tombstone. His son and successor August (died 1822) was buried in a crypt specially set up for him, in which in 1848 the last duchess of the House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg found her final resting place with his wife Karoline Amalie . Ernst's younger son Friedrich IV (d. 1825), the unmarried last Duke of the House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, was buried according to the Catholic rite in the crypt in which his brothers Ludwig and Ernst, who died young, were buried.
At the express request of the buried, the graves of the ducal family were not marked with any memorial stones and (with the exception of the prince's crypt) were once only marked with flower ovals. Since these have not existed for decades, the exact berths of the buried are no longer recognizable today. The sandstone sphinx on the island by the Gotha court sculptor Friedrich Wilhelm Eugen Döll (which originally stood on the swan pond behind the Gotha Masonic Lodge) was only installed here in 1948 and has no direct reference to Duke Ernst II's world of Masonic ideas.
The last burial on the island so far was made in 1910. Prince Maurice von Teck (youngest son of Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone and his wife Alice , sister of Duke Carl Edward of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ), who died in Gotha at the age of just six months, was on the east side of the island buried. The grave of Queen Victoria's great grandson, which is set in light stone , has not been cared for for decades and is in poor condition. The inscription on two stone blocks at the head of the grave reads: In loving memory of Maurice Francis George of Teck / Born March 29. 1910 / Died September 14. 1910 / Son of Prince and Princess Alexander of Teck . The grave border bears the saying on all four sides: Oh! said the gardener, as he passed down the path. Who plucked this flower? Who destroyed? Servant said: The Master. And the gardener held his peace. ( Oh! Said the gardener as he walked down the path. Who picked this flower? Who destroyed it? (The) servant said: The master. And the gardener was silent. ) Only slightly modified for the border, it originally comes from the diary by the American author Elizabeth Prentiss (1818–1878). Prentiss wrote it on January 16, 1852, the day her four-year-old son Eddy died.
Fir garden
South of the Ducal Museum , the so-called fir garden was laid out between 1869 and 1882 on the site of the former kitchen garden. The re-planning of the approximately 1.2 hectare site was carried out by the Gotha court gardener Carl Theobald Eulefeld (1818–1877). He designed a promenade path symmetrically aligned with the museum, which - starting from a wide flight of stairs on the southern terrace of the museum - divides the new garden in half and leads to the southern part of the English Garden with the large park pond. Eulefeld arranged the main paths from it in two large and two smaller loops to the main path.
Mainly in the spring of 1872, around 170 conifers of over 40 different varieties from around the world were planted in groups on the four planting areas that were created. The dendrological collection of the Tannengarten, which was already one of the most important of its kind in Germany at the end of the 19th century, was deliberately created as a natural "continuation" of the natural history collection of the Ducal Museum . Today the two large Nootka false cypresses at the southern end of the promenade shape the image of the pine garden.
rose Garden
Between the two curved ramps, which lead up from Parkallee to the southern forecourt of Friedenstein Castle and border the rose garden, there was originally an oval riding track lined with trees and trees, which was used by both members of the court and notables of the city. In 1927, the so-called 95 memorial was inaugurated in the middle of the then still simple garden . The standing on a tiered pedestal stone sculpture of a monitored soldiers with steel helmets, field coat and "rifle at" recalled the fallen in World War members of the 6th Thuringian Infantry Regiment. 95 .
Between 1930 and 1932 the so-called rose garden with numerous beds and woody plantings was laid out around the monument. A broad central axis led from Parkallee to the monument. The original route of the old riding arena was retained, so that an oval path still surrounds the garden today.
In 1946 the soldier's sculpture was first removed from the base of the 95s memorial , and the base was finally broken off in the 1960s. In November 1967, the newly built memorial for the heroes of the anti-fascist resistance struggle was inaugurated in its place . The memorial made of light Langensalza travertine in the form of a truncated pyramid with a fire bowl was demolished in June 2011.
Since the garden beds were also removed in the course of the demolition work on the monument, the rose garden has only existed by name since then. The area within the oval enclosure path (the former riding arena) will not be built on again, but will initially be designed as a simple lawn. This is largely the same as before 1927. The free space is to be used in future for events organized by the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation .
Monuments and memorial stones
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- Blumenbach memorial : For the natural scientist and anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach , who was born in Gotha , the Natural Science Association had a memorial stone erected in the southeast corner of the park near Parkallee in 1878. The only roughly hewn massive porphyry block bears a cast iron plaque, which is adorned with a life-size bronze portrait of Blumenbach.
- Frankenberg monument :After 1815, Duke August von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg had a stone erected on the Beltwalk on the north side of the Great Park Pondto commemorate his friend, the Privy Councilor and Minister of State, Sylvius Freiherr von Frankenberg. The classical monument, the shape of which is reminiscent of a Roman Scipion sarcophagus, bears the inscription: Dedicated to the unforgettable Sylvius . The monument is currently being restored, but will be put back in its old place in early 2012.
- Geutebrück monument : Duke Friedrich IV of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg had a monument erected in 1817 for the ducal council and archive secretary August Geutebrückon a lawn to the west of the large park pond. The stone block bears two inscriptions on the long sides that are now heavily weathered and illegible due to splinter hits: The memory of a brave honest man, Herzögl, who died on April 29, 1817. Saxon. Council August Geutebrück, dedicated by his grateful friend F. (F = Friedrich IV.) As well as: Beyond will solve the dark riddle of life , under which a butterfly was as a sign of resurrection and metamorphosis. The narrow sides are decorated with an inverted torch on the one hand, and a laurel wreath with a palm branch on the other. Until 1963, a sphinx from the workshop of the Gotha court sculptor Friedrich Wilhelm Eugen Döll rested on the base, which was badly damaged by the war.
- Goethe-Stein : At the corner of Parkallee and Lindenauallee there is a large boulder in the castle park, which has a stone plaque with the following lines at the beginning of an epigram : The park. What a heavenly garden / springs from Oed 'and from the desert, / becomes and lives and shines / glorious in the light before me ... According to the text on the board, Goethe wrote these words in May 1782 during one of his numerous visits to Gotha. However, the plaque was not attached until 1949 and coined what is now the colloquial name Goethe-Stein . The boulder was previously known as the Turner Stone , as it was erected in 1921 in memory of the Gotha gymnastics club's brothers who died in World War I in 1860. The original metal plaque of the stone classified as a war memorial was removed in 1946.
- Koppe pillar : In the east garden of Friedenstein Palace there is an Ionic pillar crowned by a vase with an inscription plaque reminiscent of the general superintendent Johann Benjamin Koppe . After the death of his friend Koppe in 1791, Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg had commissioned it from the Gotha court sculptor Friedrich Wilhelm Eugen Döll . After 1926 the column was moved from its original location in the park near the art mill (destroyed in 1945) to the east garden of the palace. The text of the inscription on the column reads: IO. BENED. KOPPIO DR. THEOL. / AMICO OPTIMO. / NAT. GEDANI AD XVIII. AVG. 1750 / DEN. HANNOVERAE AD XII. FEBR 1791 / HMP
- War memorial 6th Thuringian Infantry Regiment No. 95 : In 1991, on the initiative of the Historical Uniforms Gotha Association and the comradeship of former 95 Coburgs on Kurd-Laßwitz- Weg in the western part of the park, a memorial stone for the 6th Thuringian Infantry Regiment No. .95 erected. In addition to the regimental name, the black stone tablet bears u. a. also the motto fideliter et constanter (faithful and constant) of the regiment.
- Martyrs column : At the suggestion of August von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg, this column made of Seeberg sandstone was built in the south-western part of the castle park. Instead of a capital, its Tuscan shaft has a four-sided, cube-like top with pointed gables. The pages of the essay show reliefs of Saints Martin , Dionysios , Florian (according to other sources St. Ursinus ) and Georg . The original four angels praying at the base of the column are no longer preserved. After 1923 the column was moved from its original location to the east garden of Schloss Friedenstein , where it is now not far from the Koppe column.
- Petermann memorial : Near the Teeschlösschen , the German Geographical Society dedicated an Art Nouveau memorial stone to the geographer and cartographer August Petermann , who was suicidal in 1878 and adorned with a plaque with a portrait of Petermann. Since 1998, the path leading past the monument between the Teeschlösschen and the orangery has been called August-Petermann-Weg.
- Sphinx : After 1948 a sandstone sphinx created by Friedrich Wilhelm Eugen Döll was erected on the island of the Great Park Pond . Originally it stood at the Schwanenteich behind the former Gotha Masonic Lodge.
- Wehmeyer memorial : On the southern edge of the park, Duke Friedrich IV of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg had a memorial stone erected for his deceased head gardener Christian Heinrich Wehmeyer. The stump carved out of stone bears a marble plaque with the inscription: The manes of the worthy Wehmeyer MDCCCXIII .
No longer existing monuments:
- Antifa memorial : In 1967, the memorial for the heroes of the anti-fascist resistance struggle was inaugurated on the site of the abandoned 95 memorial in the rose garden . In 2011 the memorial in the form of a truncated pyramid with a fire bowl was demolished.
Diana statue : From 1919, the larger than life bronze sculpture of Diana with a dog on an oval limestone base stood in the central axis of the orangery . In 1931 it was removed for the newly created war memorial of the FEA 3 and placed in the garden behind the Ducal Palace. The base still exists there today, and the sculpture was probably donated to metal by the German people in 1940 .
- War memorial ( 95 memorial ): In 1927, the so-called 95 memorial was inaugurated on the area later known as the rose garden between Schloss Friedenstein and the Ducal Museum . The stone sculpture of a growing multi-level soldiers on base recalled the fallen in World War members of the 6th Thuringian Infantry Regiment. 95 . In 1946 the soldier's sculpture was removed and the base was broken off in the 1960s.
- War memorial FEA 3 : At the instigation of the Gotha Aviation Association, the sandstone obelisk, which has existed since 1916, was moved from the Fliegerwerft to the orangery in 1931 to commemorate the heroes of the FEA 3 (Gothaer Flieger Ersatzabteilung 3) who fell in World War I. After 1945 the memorial stone was removed.
- Prince's pillar : The crypt of Princes Ludwig and Ernst of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, which was set up on the island of the Great Park Pond in 1779, was marked with a granite pillar in 1781. The column by the sculptor Friedrich Wilhelm Eugen Döll , crowned by an urn, carried a metal plaque with the inscription Qies Ernesti et Ludovici carissimorum EDSG et Charlottae filiorum MDCCLXXIX . The Prince's Column, which was last documented in a photo in 1940, has since been lost.
Ownership
From the very beginning, the castle park was owned by the House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg , and from 1826 by the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . In 1919 it was expropriated without compensation, together with the rest of the property of the Princely House in the former Duchy of Gotha, and became the property of the newly founded Free State of Saxony-Gotha . In 1925, the expropriation of the ducal assets was explained by an action of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha invalid and the park was (like all other expropriated property and assets) in the private property of the last reigning Duke Carl Eduard of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on . In 1937, as part of a donation from the Duke of Saxony-Coburg and Gotha's Foundation for Art and Science , which was founded in 1928, the park became the property of the city, where it remained until 2004. Since then, together with Friedenstein Castle, it has been owned by the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation under public law .
Natural equipment
geology
The northern area of the park lies in the Eichenberg – Gotha – Saalfeld fault zone . There, the rocks of the Upper Muschelkalk form the near-surface geological subsurface. The south is characterized by the clays of the Lower Gipskeuper and the Middle Keuper . Loess loam and river gravel from the Thuringian Forest are exposed in the southeast.
Waters
The south part of the park is crossed in a west-east direction over a length of 1.3 km by the Leinakanal, which bends to the north in the south-east and touches the east facilities of the park. It feeds the approximately 2 hectare large park pond with water and lies dry in the cold season. To the west of the Museum of Nature is the also artificially created 0.3 hectare small park pond. It was created at the same time as the Ducal Museum, i.e. between 1864 and 1879.
flora
Due to the numerous plantings of non-indigenous trees, but also because of the extensive park maintenance and the existence of various habitats such as forest, meadow and pond, the biodiversity and the number of native species in the Gotha Castle Park can be regarded as relatively high. Another special feature is the old stock of trees and the fact that objectives of species and biotope protection are included in the maintenance of the park. The main tree species is therefore the common beech, which naturally predominates in most locations . It is represented in the Gothaer Schlosspark in all age groups. Among the beeches there are also several stately blood beeches , one of them e.g. B. on the island in the park pond. Other indigenous tree species include summer and winter linden , hornbeam , common ash , sycamore, norway and field maple as well as English oak . The latter can be found mainly in free-standing old copies in the English Garden, which were brought in from surrounding forests, for example Berlach , west of Gotha, in carts of oxen. A specialty among the ash trees are two crippled- looking weeping ash trees on the banks of the large park pond.
Among the exotic trees are:
- Old red oak and locust trees from North America in the southeast of the park.
- A group of hazel trees on the eastern edge of the English Garden.
- Old Weymouth pines to the northeast of the Great Park Pond and at the southeast corner. The latter is known as Lyra pine because of its sweeping, curved branches and dates from the early days of the English Garden in Gotha Castle Park. It is one of the oldest white pine trees in Germany.
- The two old Nootka false cypresses that flank the middle path in the pine garden.
- In the pine garden it is mainly several old black pines that characterize the landscape. More old black pines adorn the fence on the eastern edge of the orangery.
The spring aspect of the herbaceous layer of the woody plants is determined by early bloomers. Particularly noteworthy are the celandine, which is common on the Leina Canal, and the wood anemone . In some places there are Märzenbecher . Later in the year the spiked devil's claw is aspect-forming as well as the swamp iris and the purple loosestrife on the banks of the Great Park pond and the sharp buttercup in the meadows of the English Garden.
fauna
The fauna of the Gotha Castle Park is just as rich in species as the flora. The most common mammals to observe are squirrels and various mice. Wood and yellow-necked mice are common. The most species-rich group of mammals are the bats . In the course of a bat survey in 2000, 8 species were recorded. Bats use the old casemates of Friedenstein Castle and tree caves as winter quarters. In 2002, 50 specimens of the noctule bat were found in a hollow tree for the first time .
Breeding bird counts in 1976, 1977, 1985 and 1986 produced a total of 39 species records. The most common were starfish , blackbird , chaffinch , greenfinch and great tit . Common food guests in the Great Park pond are Bläßralle , mallard and tufted duck . The mallard also breeds regularly in Gotha Castle Park, even if only in a few pairs.
The aquatic fauna is also rich in species. The fish carp , tench and pike inhabit the large park pond . The Moderlieschen was also detected by the Gotha Nature Conservation Youth in 2009 . Among the amphibian species, the water frog , pond newt and newt are represented. The German noble cancer is a specialty . 12 dragonfly species have been detected, the most striking being the Great Blue Arrow .
use
The castle park, which has been owned by the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation since 2004 , was initially used by the ducal family for building, as a kitchen garden, status symbol, location for garden festivals and as a burial place. In 1786, Ernst II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg decreed that the park, including the orangery garden, should be "open to the nobility and dignitaries for free strolls" on Thursdays and Sundays (assuming that Gotha is not present). In 1827 Friedrich IV. Of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg also allowed ordinary Gotha citizens to visit the park, but initially "only on every Friday". Today the park is one of Gotha's most popular recreational areas . Maintenance is carried out by the park administration of the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation. The large park pond is currently leased to a fishing engineer and stocked with local fish and crayfish.
traffic
The Gothaer Schlosspark is crossed by Parkallee in a west-east direction. The busy street is a connection between the Weststadt and the eastern tangent of the historic old town, Friedrichstraße. Two curved ramps that border the rose garden lead from Parkallee to the parking lot on the south side of Friedenstein Castle. Numerous footpaths cross the park, mostly in a north-south direction. Some are named after personalities with a connection to Gotha. In the western complex this is the Kurd-Laßwitz-Weg. In the east complex there is the Elsa-Brändström-Weg, the August-Petermann-Weg, the Landgraf Balthasar-Weg and the Mendelssohn-Weg. In the southern part of the park there was originally only the Beltwalk around the Great Park Pond. All other paths in the English Garden were laid out later.
In the 19th century there was a boat ferry on the Great Park Pond, which made the ducal tombs on the island accessible to visitors. In the 20th century there was a public boat service on the Great Park Pond, but it was discontinued in the 1980s. Until the mid-1990s, both park ponds were traditionally used by Gotha residents as ice rinks in winter. This use is no longer permitted today and is no longer possible because the ponds are drained in late autumn.
natural reserve
With three old black pines on the fence of the orangery and the lyre pine in the southeast, 4 trees were placed under protection as natural monuments in the Gotha Castle Park area . Cave trees remain as deadwood relics and thus as habitats for numerous animal species, e.g. B. as bat roosts.
Others
Goethe was a frequent visitor to the park between 1775 and 1801 as a guest of Prince August von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg (godfather of his eldest son August ).
The history of the Gotha Castle Park was presented in detail as part of the Gotha Garden Summer 2007 in the special exhibition "Gotha - in the realm of the goddess freedom" in the Museum der Natur Gotha .
literature
- Elisabeth Dobritzsch (Red.): In the realm of the goddess freedom. Gotha's princely gardens in 5 centuries (= Gothaisches Museum-Jahrbuch. 11, 2008). Hain, Weimar 2007, ISBN 978-3-89807-106-2 .
- Michael Niedermeier : Courtyards, temples and holy things. The Ducal English Garden - origin and meaning. In: Werner Greiling (Ed.): Ernst II of Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg. A ruler in the Age of Enlightenment (= publications of the Historical Commission for Thuringia. Small series. Vol. 15). Böhlau, Cologne et al. 2005, ISBN 3-412-19905-2 , pp. 185–199.
- Michael Niedermeier : The Ducal English Garden in Gotha and the secret society . In: Helmut Reinalter u. Institute for the History of Ideas and the Scientific Commission for Research into Freemasonry: Freemasonry Art - Art of Freemasonry . Studien-Verlag, Innsbruck, Vienna, Munich, Bozen 2005, ISBN 978-3-7065-4115-2 , pp. 127–151.
- Rainer Samietz, Frieder Gröger (Red.): The Gothaer Park. Its history and nature. Museum of Nature Gotha, Gotha 1993.
- Richard Waitz: The ducal park in Gotha from its creation to the present day. Stollberg, Gotha 1849, digitized .
- Matthias Wenzel: Gothaer monuments and memorial stones. Sutton, Erfurt 2004, ISBN 3-89702-742-9 .
See also
Web links
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- Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation, Friedenstein Palace with park
- Page of the Gotha Orangery - Homepage
- Page about the Ducal Museum on the website of the Schloss Friedenstein Gotha Foundation
- Friedenstein Castle Foundation
Individual evidence
- ↑ August Beck, Ernst the Second, Duke of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg, as carer and protector of science and art , Gotha 1854, p. 226
- ^ Richard Waitz, The ducal park in Gotha from its creation to the present day , Gotha 1849, p. 9
- ↑ Richard Waitz, The ducal park of Gotha from its creation to the present day , Gotha 1849, p. 11
- ↑ ibid. P. 14
- ↑ ibid. P. 15f.
- ↑ Our Famous Women. An Authorized Record of the Lives and Deeds of Distinguished American Women of Our Times. Hartford, 1884, pp. 539ff.
- ^ Marion Harland: Elizabeth Prentiss
- ↑ Jens Scheffler: The facilities at the New Museum (Tannengarten) , in: In the realm of the goddess freedom. Gotha's princely gardens in five centuries , Gotha 2007, p. 189ff.
- ↑ ibid
- ↑ Matthias Wenzel, Gothaer monuments and memorial stones, Erfurt 2004, p. 86
- ↑ ibid., P. 36
- ↑ Peter Arlt: No trace of wisdom. An anti-fascism monument is to be disposed of in Gotha , in: Neues Deutschland, 8 June 2011
- ^ Claudia Klinger: Third meeting of the Gotha Cultural Foundation. In: Thüringer Allgemeine from May 17, 2010.
Coordinates: 50 ° 56 ′ 35.9 ″ N , 10 ° 42 ′ 19.5 ″ E