Salerno School

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The School of Salerno (depicted in an edition of the Avicenna Canon )

The School of Salerno ( Latin Schola Medica Salernitana ; German also Medical School of Salern and School of Salern ) was a medical teaching and research institute in Salerno that was established in the 10th century , from which an independent Western medicine began to develop in the 11th century. which was officially recognized by Frederick II in the 13th century as the only medical school in the kingdom and which is prototypically considered one of the oldest universities in Europe.

history

The Monte Cassino monastery maintained a hospital in Salerno for friars who were sick. Crusader ships docked in Salerno to have their sick cared for there. From the group of healers, the civitas salernitatis , one of the first medical universities in Europe developed between 995 and 1087 in Salerno, which was influenced by Lombardy.

With one out early medieval on Galen compiled based texts medical guide, the Passionarius (Galieni) , whose author Gariopont straightened his verbal expression and repaid vulgar language features of his vorsalernitanischen sources. Archbishop Alfanus von Salerno wrote not only hagiographic and theological writings, hymns and poems, but (as a translator) also medical texts and thus contributed to the development of a medical terminology.

Under Alfanus and on the basis of his and Gariopont's preparatory work , the school began to flourish with the help of Constantinus Africanus , a Christian-Arab doctor from Tunisia, who translated Greek-Arabic medical texts into Latin and thus further developed and disseminated medical terminology. Contents of the texts written in Salerno found their way into medical education outside of the cathedral schools ( e.g. as Articella ). The school of Salerno had its heyday ("high Salerno") from the 10th century to the 13th century , supported by the sovereigns Roger II and the Hohenstaufen emperor Friedrich II.

An extensive pharmacology was created with the books Liber Graduum , Antidotarium Nicolai and Circa instans . The knowledge of the pharmacist became independent and the separation of the medical and pharmacist work by Frederick II was legally established in the Edict of Salerno .

The Melfi constitutions legalized the existing conditions under Frederick II and established the statutes of the Salerno school as a training center for doctors. In 1241 the statutes were expanded again.

In the 13th century were from East Middle in Wroclaw Author customize various salernitanische medical texts, possibly at the local cathedral school, in today German salernitanisches Pharmacopoeia mentioned text collection for the first time (albeit abbreviated) translated into German. This compilation can be traced back to eight sources and contains, in addition to the Viaticus of Ibn al- Jazzar, translated by Constantinus Africanus and expanded by a nutrition theory ( De diaetis particularibus ) by Isaak ben Salomon Israeli , among other things a doctrine of complexions according to Avicenna , the fifth volume of the Liber pantegni (The book al-Malakī by ʿAli ibn al-ʿAbbas al-Madschūsi in the translation of Constantinus Africanus called Liber graduum and Adminiculum ), a urinary tract based on Urso of Salerno , as well as the Liber iste . A regimen (sanitatis) Salernitanum , a conglomerate of medical memorabilia, which emerged in the middle of the 13th century at the earliest , is now regarded as pseudo-Salernitan and no longer a product of the Salerno school in its heyday in the 12th century.

Anatomical studies on pigs increased medical knowledge under the correct assumption that there are fundamental correspondences between the anatomy of the pig and that of humans. The school's recipe for success was the harmonious blending of medical knowledge from different cultures: Greek, Arabic, Western-Latin and Jewish.

Women were permitted both as students and as lecturers (see also: Trotula ). In 1812 it was dissolved.

Founding myth

According to legend, the " interdenominational " school of Salerno was founded as follows:

“A Greek pilgrim named Pontus took shelter under the arches of the aqueduct to spend the night during a storm. A second man, Salernus, a Latin man, stopped in the same place. Salernus was injured and was treating his wound, with Pontus watching him and his medication closely. In the meantime two other travelers, the Jew Helinus and the Arab Abdela, had arrived. They tended the wound together. Eventually the four agreed to found a school in which their knowledge could be collected and disseminated. "

Course of training

In 1240 Frederick II issued an ordinance regulating medical studies. The University of Naples , founded by him in 1224 , developed into rival Salernos.
The curriculum consisted of:

  • 3 years of logic,
  • 5 years of medicine (including surgery and anatomy including autopsy of human bodies),
  • 1 year practice with a doctor,

In addition to medicine, the Salerno school also taught philosophy, theology and law. Some consider the Salerno School to be the first university ever founded, although it was never called "university".

An important, but so far hardly researched document is the Liber pandectarum medicinae (printed in Venice 1474) by the late Salernitan doctor Matthaeus Silvaticus (* around 1285; † 1342). He names new plants that have not yet been found in the written medicinal treasure, such as B. Angelica archangelica L.

Doctors and famous people related to the school

Matthaeus Silvaticus and his students in the botanical garden
  • Gariopontus (also Warimbod and Guarimpot) (active in the 1st half of the 11th century), doctor and subdeacon, author of the Passionarius (Galieni) , an adaptation of Galen's work (also via Aurelius-Escolapius on the content of Caelius Aurelianus and thus Soran falling back)
  • Constantinus Africanus (1017-1087), translator of ancient and Arabic-speaking authorities
  • Bartholomew of Salerno (12th century), successor to Constantinus Africanus
  • Nicolaus of Salerno , also called "Nicolaus Praepositus" (12th century)
  • Petrus Musandinus (* ~ 1090 in Salerno; † 1150) pupil of Bartholomäus von Salerno and his successor
  • Magister Copho (11th / 12th century), Salernitan doctor who described anesthesia with so-called sleeping sponges
  • Maurus von Salerno (* around 1130, † 1214) pupil of Petrus Musandinus (and his successors) and Matthaeus Platearius
  • Trota von Salerno (11th or 12th century), possibly the mother of Johannes Platearius the Younger and wife of Johannes Platearius the Elder
  • Johannes Platearius the Elder (late 11th century), formerly considered to be Trota's husband and probably father of Matthaeus Platearius and Johannes Platearius the Younger. The family name is also “de Platea”.
  • Johannes Platearius the Younger (12th century), author of the 71-chapter tract Practica brevis (in the 14th century, around 1330, incompletely translated, critically edited and supplemented by the Flemish Jan Yperman in the work Medicine ), composed between around 1125 and 1135, comprising 71 chapters (or Curae , original title in the lost master manuscript). Son of Johannes Platearius the Elder.
  • Matthäus Platearius , brother or nephew of Johannes Platearius the Younger, possibly author of the Circa instans
  • Petrus de Ebulo († before 1220)
  • Roger Frugardi (* before 1140, † around 1195)
  • Urso of Salerno († 1225)
  • Gilles de Corbeil (* around 1140, † around 1224) pupil of Maurus von Salerno
  • Giovanni da Procida (1210–1298) as a pupil
  • Matthaeus Silvaticus (* around 1285, † 1342)
  • Abella (14th century)

literature

  • Gerhard Baader : The School of Salerno. In: Medical History Journal. Volume 13, 1978, pp. 124-145.
  • George W. Corner: Salernitan surgery in the twelfth century. In: British Journal of Surgery . Volume 25, 1937, pp. 84-99.
  • Konrad Goehl : Women's secrets in the Middle Ages. The women of Salern. Gynecological and cosmetic knowledge of the 12th century. Deutscher Wissenschafts-Verlag, Baden-Baden 2010, ISBN 978-3-86888-018-2
  • Bernhard D. Haage, Wolfgang Wegner: Salerno, medical school of. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1281 f.
  • Danielle Jacquart: The scholastic medicine , in: Mirko D. Grmek (ed.), The history of medical thought. Antike und Mittelalter, Munich 1999, pages 216-259, ISBN 3-406-40286-0
  • Kay Peter Jankrift: The School of Salerno , in: ders. , Illness and Medicine in the Middle Ages, Darmstadt 2003, page 41–45, ISBN 3-534-15481-9 ( tighter, but quite detailed overview on the subject ).
  • Paul Oskar Kristeller : The School of Salerno. In: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. Volume 17, 1945, pp. 157-162.
  • Paul Oskar Kristeller: New sources on Salernitan medicine of the 12th century. In: Gerhard Baader, Gundolf Keil (Hrsg.): Medicine in the medieval occident. Darmstadt 1982 (= ways of research. Volume 363), pp. 191-208.
  • Paul Oskar Kristeller (Ed.): Studi sulla Scuola medica salernitana. Naples 1986 (= Istituto italiano per gli studi filosofici, "Hippocratica civitas", Collana, 1 ).
  • Paul Oskar Kristeller: La Scuola di Salerno. Il suo sviluppo e il suo contributo alla storia della scienza. In: Paul Oskar Kristeller (Ed.): Studi sulla Scuola medica salernitana. Naples 1986, pp. 11-96.
  • Gastone Lambertini: The School of Salerno and the Universities of Bologna and Padua. In: Illustrated History of Medicine. German arrangement by Richard Toellner a. a., special edition Salzburg 1986, Volume II, pp. 726–729.
  • Andrea Rzihacek-Bedö: The school from Salerno : Medical science care in the Benedictine monastery Admont . R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Vienna 2005, p. 76ff, ISBN 3-7029-0483-2

Web links

Commons : Schola Medica Salernitana  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gerhard Baader : The beginnings of medical training in the West up to 1100. In: La scuola nell'occidente latino dell'alto medioevo. Spoleto 1972 (= Settimane di studio del centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo. Volume 19,2), pp. 669–742, here: p. 706.
  2. ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller: The School of Salerno. 1945, pp. 169-175.
  3. ↑ Christine Becela-Deller: The rue (Ruta graveolens L.) as an example of a medicinal plant at the time of the Salern school (10th-14th centuries). In: Würzburg medical history reports. Vol. 12, 1994, pp. 143-152; here: p. 143 f.
  4. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , pp. 117-139.
  5. ^ Bernhard D. Haage, Wolfgang Wegner: Salerno, medical school from. 2005, p. 1281 ("The Salerno Medical School is the first university of the European Middle Ages").
  6. ^ Rudolf Peitz, Gundolf Keil: The 'Decem quaestiones de medicorum statu'. Observations on the medical class of the 14th and 15th centuries. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013 (2014), pp. 283–297, here: p. 283.
  7. ↑ Garioponti […] ad totius corporis aegritudines remediorum praxeon libri V. Basel 1531.
  8. ↑ Wolfgang Wegner: Gariopontus. In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. 2005, p. 457.
  9. ↑ Gundolf Keil: Gariopontus. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Volume 4, 1989, Col. 1117 f.
  10. ↑ Gerhard Baader: The development of medical terminology in the high and late Middle Ages. In: Gundolf Keil, Peter Assion (Ed.): Specialized prose research. Eight lectures on medieval art literature. Berlin 1974, pp. 88-123, here: pp. 96-100.
  11. ↑ Gerhard Baader: The development of medical terminology in the high and late Middle Ages. 1974, pp. 100-110.
  12. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. 1998, pp. 118-121.
  13. ↑ Dietlinde Goltz. Medieval pharmacy and medicine. Depicted on the history and content of the Antidotarium Nicolai. With a reprint of the print version from 1471. Wiss. Verl. Ges., Stuttgart 1976, p. 79.
  14. ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller: The School of Salerno. 1945, pp. 171-175.
  15. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "Isâk künig Salomons sun made a buoch in Arabia, daz Got never bezzerz created" - The representation of the school of Kairouan in Würzburg and Breslau of the 13th century. In: Mamoun Fansa, Karen Aydin, Menso Folkerts, G. Keil, Helmuth Schneider u. a. (Ed.): Ex oriente lux? Paths to Modern Science. Accompanying volume for the special exhibition in the Augusteum, Oldenburg 2009–2010. Main / Oldenburg 2009 (= series of publications by the Landesmuseum für Natur und Mensch. Volume 70), pp. 212–225 and 495–526 as well as (Detlev Quintern) 429–460; here: pp. 216–222 and 224–225.
  16. ^ Gundolf Keil: German Salernitan Pharmacopoeia. In: Burghart Wachinger u. a. (Ed.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . 2nd, completely revised edition, Volume 2. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1980, ISBN 3-11-007264-5 , Sp. 69–71.
  17. ↑ Christoph Ferckel: To the Breslau Pharmacopoeia. In: Communications on the history of medicine, science and technology. Volume 13, 1914, pp. 560-564.
  18. ↑ Gundolf Keil (ed.): The "short urinary tract" of the Breslau "Codex Salernitanus" and his clan. Medical dissertation Bonn 1969, commissioned by C.-E. Kohlhauer, Feuchtwangen.
  19. ↑ Gundolf Keil: 'German Salernitan Pharmacopoeia'. In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte . De Gruyter, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 296 f.
  20. ^ Carl Külz, Emy Külz-Trosse, Joseph Klapper (eds.): The Breslauer Arneibuch. R [hedigeranus] 291 of the city library, part I: text. (2nd part, commentary , not published) Dresden 1908 (Codex today in the University Library in Breslau).
  21. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "blutken - bloedekijn". Notes on the etiology of the hyposphagma genesis in the 'Pommersfeld Silesian Eye Booklet' (1st third of the 15th century). With an overview of the ophthalmological texts of the German Middle Ages. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013, pp. 7–175, here: pp. 16–19.
  22. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , pp. 130 f. ( The text complex of the so-called 'Regimen sanitatis salernitanum' ).
  23. ↑ Christof Goddemeier: The medical school of Salerno: Way to science. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2011; 108 (1-2): A-50 / B-40 / C-40.
  24. ↑ see Weblink AG Chevalier: The School of Salerno
  25. ↑ Herbal Book Compilations, Research Group Monastery Medicine
  26. ↑ Christina Becela-Deller: Ruta graveolens L. A medicinal plant in terms of art and cultural history. (Mathematical and natural scientific dissertation Würzburg 1994) Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1998 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 65). ISBN 3-8260-1667-X , p. 235.
  27. ↑ Heinrich Schipperges: The Assimilation of Arabic Medicine through the Latin Middle Ages. Wiesbaden 1964 (= Sudhoffs Archiv , supplement 3), pp. 17–46.
  28. ^ Library of Congress
  29. ↑ Axel W. Bauer : Copho. In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Volume 3, Munich / Zurich 1995, Col. 214.
  30. ↑ Rudolf Creutz: The Magister Copho and his position in the high salerno. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 33, 1941, pp. 249-338.
  31. ^ Gundolf Keil: Copho [Kopho]. In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 271.
  32. ↑ Cophonis Ars medendi. In: Salvatore de Renzi, Charles Victor Daremberg , August Wilhelm Henschel (ed.): Collectio Salernitana: ossia documenti inediti, e trattati di medicina appartenenti alla scuola medica Salernitana . 5 volumes, Tipografia del Filiatre-Sebezio, Naples 1852-1859; Reprint Bologna 1967 (= Biblioteca di storia della medicina. II, 1–5). Volume 4, pp. 415-438.
  33. ^ Bernhard D. Haage, Wolfgang Wegner: Platearius (de Platea). In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. 2005, p. 1167 f.
  34. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "The best advice is the icker toe can against genomen vte platearise". References to Ypermans Medicine. In: Geneeskunde in nederlandstalige teksten tot 1600. Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België, Brussels 2012 (2013), ISBN 978-90-75273-29-8 , pp. 93-137, here: p. 109.
  35. ↑ Konrad Goehl: The dating of the 'Curae Platearii'. In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 90, 2006, p. 233 f.
  36. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "The best advice is the icker toe can against genomen vte platearise". References to Ypermans Medicine. In: Geneeskunde in nederlandstalige teksten tot 1600. Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België, Brussels 2012 (2013), ISBN 978-90-75273-29-8 , pp. 93-137, here: pp. 103-120 and 133-137 . See: Konrad Goehl: Comments on Gundolf Keil's source-based decoding of Yperman's 'Medicine'. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013 (2014), pp. 547-550.
  37. ↑ Gundolf Keil: "blutken - bloedekijn". Notes on the etiology of the hyposphagma genesis in the 'Pommersfeld Silesian Eye Booklet' (1st third of the 15th century). With an overview of the ophthalmological texts of the German Middle Ages. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013, pp. 7–175, here: p. 23.
  38. ↑ Konrad Goehl: Notes on Gundolf Keil's source-based decoding of Yperman's 'Medicine'. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013 (2014), pp. 547–550, here: p. 549 (on the Platearius family, which laid the foundations of Western medicine).
  39. ↑ Connection to school not scientifically proven