Scale heads

Scale heads
	Giant scale head ( Cephalaria gigantea ), inflorescence.
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids II
Order :	Cardigans (Dipsacales)
Family :	Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae)
Subfamily :	Cardaceae (Dipsacoideae)
Genre :	Scale heads
Scientific name
	Cephalaria
	Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult.

The scale heads ( Cephalaria ) are a genus of plants from the subfamily of the cardaceae (Dipsacoideae).

description

Habit of the giant scale head ( Cephalaria gigantea )

Transylvanian scale head flower head ( Cephalaria transsylvanica )

Vegetative characteristics

The Schuppenkopf types are annual or perennial , herbaceous plants that reach heights of 80 to 200 centimeters. The above-ground parts of the plant are hairy or bare.

The leaves are always opposite. There are no stipules .

Generative characteristics

The inflorescence is cup-shaped and resembles that of the daisy family . The bracts are leathery. The basket floor is larger than the four- to eight- sided involucre .

The hermaphroditic flowers are four-fold with a double flower envelope (perianth). The calyx is cup-shaped with a multi-toothed edge. The petals are fused together. The stamens are not fused to form a tube. The two carpels are one under constant ovary grown.

They form solitary fruits that are similar to achenes .

etymology

The common German name Schuppenkopf is derived from the head-shaped inflorescence typical of all cardiac plants. The scientific name Cephalaria also refers to it, it comes from the ancient Greek κεφāλή kephale for head.

Cephalaria balansae

Cephalaria flava

Cephalaria joppensis

White-flowered scale head ( Cephalaria leucantha )

Cephalaria squamiflora

Transylvanian shed head ( Cephalaria transsylvanica )

Systematics and distribution

The genus Cephalaria was established in 1818 by Heinrich Adolph Schrader in Johann Jakob Roemer and Joseph August Schultes .

The main distribution area of the genus Cephalaria is in the Mediterranean region and Asia Minor , but it is found throughout southern Europe, western and central Asia, and northern and southern Africa.

The genus Cephalaria includes 65 species, a selection is:

Alpen-Schuppenkopf ( Cephalaria alpina (L.) Roem. & Schult.) : The home is the western and southern Alps of France , Italy , Switzerland and Austria . It also occurs in Slovakia .
Cephalaria ambrosioides (Sibth. & Sm.) Roem. & Schult. : It occurs in Europe on the Balkan Peninsula .
Cephalaria anatolica Shkhiyan : It occurs in Turkey .
Cephalaria armeniaca Bordz. : It occurs in Azerbaijan , Armenia and Georgia .
Cephalaria balansae Raus (Syn .: Cephalaria dipsacoides Boiss. & Balansa ): It occurs in Lebanon and Turkey.
Cephalaria balkharica E.A. Busch : It occurs in Armenia and Georgia .
Cephalaria brevipalea (Sommier & Levier) Litv. : It only occurs in Georgia.
Cephalaria calcarea Albov : It occurs only in Georgia.
Cephalaria cedrorum Mouterde : It occurs only in Lebanon .
Cephalaria cilicica Boiss. & Kotschy : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria coriacea (Willd.) Roem. & Schult. ex Steud. : In Europe this species occurs only in the Crimea .
Cephalaria daghestanica Bobrov : It occurs in Georgia and the North Caucasus .
Cephalaria dirmilensis Hub.-Mor. : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria elmaliensis Hub.-Mor. & VAMatthews : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria fanourii Perdetz. & Kit Tan : It occurs in Greece .
Cephalaria flava (Sibth. & Sm.) Szabó : It occurs in Albania , Bulgaria , Serbia and Greece .
Cephalaria gazipashensis Sümbül : It occurs in Turkey.
Giant scale head ( Cephalaria gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov ): It occurs in Turkey, Slovakia , Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russia .
Cephalaria hakkiarica V.A.Matthews : It occurs in European Turkey.
Cephalaria isaurica V.A.Matthews : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria joppensis (Rchb.) DC. : It occurs in Italy including Sicily , Israel , Jordan and Lebanon .
Cephalaria kesruanica Mouterde : It occurs only in Lebanon.
White-flowered scale head ( Cephalaria leucantha (L.) Roem. & Schult. ): The home is southern Europe , Morocco and Algeria .
Cephalaria lycica V.A. Matthews : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria mauritanica Pomel : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
Cephalaria microdonta Bobrov : It occurs in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and in the North Caucasus.
Cephalaria paphlagonica Bobrov : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria peshmenii Sümbül : It occurs in Turkey.
Radiant scaly head ( Cephalaria radiata Griseb. & Schenk ): It occurs in Europe only in Romania .
Cephalaria salicifolia Post : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria scoparia Contandr. & Quézel : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria sosnowskyi Kolak. : It only occurs in Georgia.
Cephalaria speciosa Boiss. & Kotschy : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria squamiflora (Sieber) Greuter : There are three subspecies:
- Cephalaria squamiflora (Sieber) Greuter subsp. squamiflora : It occurs in Greece, on Crete and on the Aegean islands.
- Cephalaria squamiflora subsp. balearica (Willk.) Greuter (Syn .: Cephalaria balearica Willk. ): It occurs in Mallorca , Ibiza , Corsica and Sardinia .
- Cephalaria squamiflora subsp. mediterranea (Viv.) Pignatti (Syn .: Scabiosa mediterranea Viv. ): It occurs only in Sardinia and Corsica.
Cephalaria stellipilis Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey, Syria and Lebanon.
Syrian scale head ( Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Roem. & Schult. ): The home is North Africa , Cyprus , West Asia , the Caucasus and Arabia , as well as Serbia and Slovakia.
Cephalaria taurica Szabó : It occurs in Turkey.
Cephalaria tenuiloba Strid : It occurs in Greece.
Transylvanian Schuppenkopf ( Cephalaria transsylvanica (L.) Roem. & Schult. ): The distribution area includes France , Italy, Hungary , the Czech Republic , the Balkan Peninsula, Romania, Moldova , the Ukraine , Turkey and the Caucasus.
Ural-scale head ( Cephalaria uralensis (Murray) Roem. & Schult. ): In Europe this species occurs only in the former Yugoslavia , in Romania, Bulgaria , Greece , Moldova , in the Ukraine and in Russia .
Cephalaria velutina Bobrov : It occurs in Georgia and the North Caucasus.

swell

Yasin J. Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan 94: Dipsacaceae . Stewart Herbarium, Rawalpindi 1975, OCLC 311348861 , p. 11 (English, online at efloras.org ).
IK Ferguson: Cephalaria. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 4: Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1976, ISBN 0-521-08717-1 , pp. 57–58 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
SE Carlson et al .: Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomy, and morphological evolution in Dipsacaceae (Dipsacales) inferred by DNA sequence data. In: Taxon , Volume 58, 2009, pp. 1075-1091.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq G. Domina (2017+ ): Dipsacaceae. : Datasheet Cephalaria , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cephalaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Scale Heads ( Cephalaria ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

The two Austrian species (click on the pic for a brief description of the species). (German)
Cephalaria at Plants For A Future (English)
Entry in Swaziland's Flora Database .

[Euro+Med-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq G. Domina (2017+ ): Dipsacaceae. : Datasheet Cephalaria , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[GRIN-2] Cephalaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.