Black willow

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Black willow
Branches with leaves and fruiting catkins

Branches with leaves and fruiting catkins

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales)
Family : Willow family (Salicaceae)
Genre : Willows ( Salix )
Type : Black willow
Scientific name
Salix myrsinifolia
Salisb.

The black willow or black willow ( Salix myrsinifolia ) is a species from the genus of willows ( Salix ) in the willow family (Salicaceae). The natural range is in Europe and extends into western Siberia. It is used very rarely.

description

illustration
Branch with single stalk leaves and stipules
Flowering male catkins
Flowering female catkins

Vegetative characteristics

The black willow is a densely branched shrub or, rarely, a tree that reaches heights of 2 to 5 meters. The dark-brown to black-brown bark of the twigs is initially short with velvety hairs, more rarely more or less glabrous. The bare wood shows short welts.

The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 3.5 to 12, rarely 15 millimeters long. With a length of 4 to 10 centimeters and a width of 1.5 to 5 centimeters, the simple leaf blade is round or elliptical to elongated-lanceolate with a rounded, rarely almost heart-shaped to wedge-shaped base, a short, pointed upper end and irregular or wavy serrated or glandular serrated leaf margin. There are seven to ten pairs of leaf veins. The upper side of the leaf is glossy dark green and almost bare, the underside is covered with a gray-green wax layer and the tip is green and at least the veins are hairy. The leaves turn black as they dry. The relatively large, foliage-like stipules are kidney-shaped or obliquely egg-shaped.

Generative characteristics

The black willow flowers shortly before the leaves shoot from April to May. The inflorescences are about 3 cm long male or 5 cm long female catkins . The bracts are small, light at the base and brown towards the tip, hairy white and long beards. A nectar gland is formed. Male flowers have two stamens hairy at the base with red anthers. The ovary of female flowers is glabrous and long-stalked. The stylus is long, the scars short, divided and curved sideways.

The capsule fruits are 6 to 10 millimeters long.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 114.

Occurrence

The natural distribution area extends from Northern Europe (Finland, Norway, Sweden and Great Britain ) via Central Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Poland and Switzerland) to Eastern Europe (Belarus, the Baltic States , Russia) and Southern Europe (South and East France, Italy, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia). In Asia there are stocks in western Siberia .

The black willow grows in floodplains and on the banks of water on fresh to moist, slightly acidic to alkaline subsoil made of sand , gravel or gravel in sunny to light-shaded, cool to cold locations. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 4 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −34.4 to −28.9 ° C (−30 to −20 ° F). The black willow occurs in the Salici-Viburnetum and in the Salicetum alpinae from the Berberidion association . But it can also occur in the Alnetum incanae of the Alno-Ulmion association or in other plant communities of the Alnion or Salicion cinereae associations.

Systematics

The black willow ( Salix myrsinifolia ) is a species from the genus of willows ( Salix ) in the willow family (Salicaceae). The first publication of Salix myrsinifolia was made in 1796 by Richard Anthony Salisbury in Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium , p 394. A synonym for Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. is Salix nigricans Sm. James Edward Smith (botanist) The generic name Salix comes from Latin and was already used by the Romans for various types of willow. The specific epithet myrsinifolia is derived from the Latin myrsine "myrtle branch" and -folia for "leafy". Why the name was chosen is unclear, the leaves are neither similar to those of the myrtle ( Myrtus communis ) nor those of the genus Myrsine .

One can distinguish several subspecies in Europe:

  • Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. subsp. myrsinifolia (Syn .: Salix alpicola (Buser) Bech. , Salix nigricans subsp. alpicola (Buser) D. Lautenschl. & Lautenschl. )
  • Salix myrsinifolia subsp. borealis (Fr.) Hyl. : It occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.
  • Salix myrsinifolia subsp. kolaënsis (Schljakov) Elven : It occurs in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.

use

The black willow is used very rarely.

proof

literature

  • Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use. With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , pp. 581-582.
  • Jost Fitschen : Woody flora . 12th, revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 3-494-01422-1 , p. 770 .
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 (English).
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ German name according to Fitschen: Gehölzflora , p. 770.
  2. ↑ German name according to Roloff et al .: Flora der Gehölze , p. 583.
  3. ↑ a b c d Fitschen: Gehölzflora , p. 770.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Roloff et al .: Flora der Gehölze , p. 583.
  5. ↑ a b c d Salix myrsinifolia , in the Flora of North America , Volume 7.
  6. ↑ a b c d Salix myrsinifolia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  7. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  309 .
  8. ↑ a b Salix myrsinifolia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 29, 2016.
  9. ↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names , p. 552.
  10. ↑ Exactly: Etymological Dictionary of Botanical Plant Names, pp. 406–407.
  11. ↑ a b c d P. Uotila, 2011: Salicaceae. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Data sheet Salix myrsinifolia

Web links

Commons : Black Willow ( Salix myrsinifolia )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files