Sail butterfly
| Sail butterfly | ||||||||||||
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Sail butterfly |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Iphiclides podalirius | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
The sailing butterfly ( Iphiclides podalirius ) is a butterfly from the family of the knightly butterflies (Papilionidae). The specific epithet is derived from Podaleirios , a healer from Greek mythology .
description
The sail butterfly is considered to be one of the most beautiful European butterflies . Iphiclides podalirius has a wingspan of 60 to 80 millimeters and becomes up to 45 millimeters long. The females are almost always slightly larger than the males. The sail butterfly differs from the swallowtail, among other things, by its significantly longer black hind wing extensions with light ends. The base color of the wings is pale yellow or light and has six black horizontal stripes on each of the fore wings. A black stripe is located on the hind wing in the disk region and on the inner edge. From the anal angle towards the apex there are three blue eye spots in a black band. In front of the blue eye spot on the inner edge there is an orange crescent moon spot. The 2nd generation in summer is brighter than the 1st generation in spring. They differ slightly and can be distinguished based on the following characteristics:
| feature | 1st generation | 2nd generation |
|---|---|---|
| Base color | pale yellow | lighter, whitish |
| Dark lines on all wings | strong | less vigorous |
| black coloring on the inner edge | more or less broad, in cell 1 narrowly bright |
clearly divided into two parts |
| black stripe in the disk region of the underside of the hind wing |
orange filled | not filled orange |
| Abdomen | black | bright |
Description of the caterpillars
The egg caterpillars are initially black-gray with two light spots on the back and on the neck. They resemble bird droppings (mimicry). After the first molt, the caterpillars are colored green and thus optimally adapted to their feeding plant. The compact caterpillars have thin yellow side stripes and are up to 40 millimeters long. In early summer, the caterpillars remain green until pupation. They pupate on the feeding plants to green pupae, from which the next generation of butterflies hatch without diapause. Caterpillars, which then overwinter as pupae in late summer and autumn, turn a bright yellow, sometimes with red-brown spots, before pupation. Such caterpillars usually leave the feeding plants before pupation and the resulting brown-gray pupae overwinter and only hatch in the next spring.
Similar species
- Iphiclides feisthamelii ( Iberian sail butterfly )
- Papilio alexanor ( Southern Swallowtail )
- Protographium marcellus
Flight time
In Central Europe and in the mountains there is usually only one generation per year, the moths then fly from May to July. In particularly climate-favored areas such as the Rhine and Moselle , however, two generations occur (mid-April – June, July – August). In the northern Mediterranean , two to three generations develop each year. Further south, it can be up to four generations and the moth then flies from the beginning of March to the end of October.
Way of life
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The female moths lay their eggs on the caterpillars' forage plants. The caterpillars feed primarily on leaves of various Prunus species, such as blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa ), rock cherry ( Prunus mahaleb ), bird cherry ( Prunus padus) or plum ( Prunus domesticus ), and more rarely on other plants from the rose family (Rosaceae) ), such as hawthorn ( Crataegus spec. ) and mountain ash ( Sorbus aucuparia ). In the Mediterranean area they also feed on apricot ( Prunus armeniaca ), peach ( Prunus persica ), and almond tree ( Prunus dulcis ). When threatened, like all caterpillars of the knightly butterflies, they can turn out a neck fork ( osmaterium ) to drive away predators. Mostly the caterpillars feed from the leaf margin to the midrib, with small-leaved shrubs from a branch. The caterpillars of the butterfly pupate as a belt pupa . The last generation of a year hibernates as a pupa.
The moth can sail through the air for several minutes without flapping its wings using the thermal , hence its name. He shows a keen hill-topping behavior (hilltopping), similar to the dovetail. The sailing butterfly sucks nectar from the flowers of various often lighter or purple flowers, such as B. sloe ( Prunus spinosa ), plum ( Prunus domestica ), privet ( Ligustrum ), meadow sage ( Salvia pratensis ), thistle ( Cirsium ), adder's head ( Echium vulgare) , knapweed ( Centaurea ), lavender ( Lavandula ) and butterfly lilac ( Buddleja) davidii ) in the garden.
distribution
The sail butterfly is distributed from Europe, beginning west in France , including the Mediterranean islands through non-tropical Asia to China . The northern distribution extends to the 54th parallel, but it occasionally migrates to the British Isles and Fennoscandinavia . In Germany, the main focus of the distribution is in Rhineland-Palatinate, Saxony and Brandenburg. It is mainly hot and rocky southern slopes in river valleys that are inhabited. In Rhineland-Palatinate, the sail butterfly is particularly widespread on the Middle Rhine, the Moselle and the Nahe.
In Brandenburg, the sail butterfly has been spreading for about 15 years, based on populations in Lower Lusatia. Initially, the areas of post-lignite mining, which are favorable to the microclimate and warm and dry, were settled, today the species can also be found in the climatically continental areas of East Brandenburg. Established stocks can be found roughly southeast of the Jessen (Elster) - Seelow line, with sightings further north in or near the Uckermark and southeast of Berlin in 2018/2019.
The species also flies regularly in two generations in Brandenburg and the Saxon Lausitz.
Danger
The sail butterfly suffered severe territorial losses in the 20th century. He has disappeared from many regions in Germany. In many places, the causes of danger were the abandonment of vineyards on steep slopes and the subsequent encroachment of the slopes. In Rhineland-Palatinate, the populations have been able to recover since the 1990s due to a species protection program and increasing warming due to climate change. In Brandenburg too, the butterfly was able to spread due to the special conditions in the former mining areas and the increasing warming since the turn of the millennium. Many populations have died out in Austria, and the species can be viewed as a sensitive bio-indicator.
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Red lists (0 = extinct, 1 = threatened with extinction, 2 = endangered, 3 = endangered, 4 = potentially endangered, + = not endangered)
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Austria : 2
- Carinthia : 2
- Lower Austria : +
- Upper Austria : 4
- Salzburg : 1
- Styria : 2
- Tyrol : 3
- Vorarlberg : 0
- Vienna : 3
- Germany: 2 (endangered)
- Baden-Württemberg : 2
- Bavaria : 2
- Brandenburg : 2 (2001 classification)
- Rhineland-Palatinate : 1
- Saxony : 2
- Saxony-Anhalt : 2
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Austria : 2
swell
Individual evidence
- ^ Arnold Spuler: The butterflies of Europe . tape 1 . E. Schweitzerbartsche Verlagbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1908, p. 9 .
- ↑ a b c d e W. Düring: Species portrait of the sailing butterfly in Rhineland-Palatinate. (PDF) In: Butterflies in Rhineland-Palatinate. BUND RLP, January 8, 2020, accessed February 9, 2020 .
- ↑ Gernot Räusl, Observations on Ecology and Protection of the Sail Butterfly, Contributions to Entomofaunistics , 2002
- ↑ Elizabeth Balmer: Butterflies: Recognize and Determine. Parragon Books Ltd., 2007, ISBN 978-1-4075-1203-7 , p. 36
- ↑ Gerfried Deschka, Josef Wimmer, The Butterfly Fauna of the Cross Wall, Contribution. Naturk. Upper Austria, 2000
- ↑ www.umweltbundesamt.at/oasis
- ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Ed.): Red List of Endangered Animals in Germany. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster 1998, ISBN 978-3-89624-110-8
- ↑ a b c Butterflies of Germany, online http://www.schmetterlinge-deutschlands.de/verbindungenfam.php?fam=Papilionidae&erster=6958 (accessed on January 16, 2013)
- ↑ Johannes Voith: Red list and total species list of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Bavaria (PDF) In: Red lists of endangered animals of Bavaria from 2016 . Bavarian State Office for the Environment (LfU). See June 6, 2016. Accessed July 23, 2018.
- ↑ Total species list and red list of butterflies (Macrolepidoptera) of the State of Brandenburg, NundL, issue 3/2001 ( PDF ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original - and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. )
literature
- Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington: The butterflies of Europe and Northwest Africa , Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-440-07573-7 .
- Hans-Josef Weidemann: Butterfly: observe, determine , Naturbuch-Verlag Augsburg 1995, ISBN 3-89440-115-X .
- Günter Ebert: The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 1, Tagfalter I. Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3451-9 .
- Karl Cleve: "Further information on the spread of the sail butterfly (Iphiclides podalirius L.) and its occasional northern migrations", Atalanta 1968, 2nd volume, issue 6.
- W. Stichmann, U. Stichmann-Marny, E. Kretzschmar: The great cosmos nature guide - animals and plants , Franckh-Kosmos Verlag GmbH & Co., Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-440-09454-5 .
- Landeck, I.; Wiesner, T. & Heinzel, K.-H. 2000: A new caterpillar forage plant of the sail butterfly (Iphiclides podalirius L.) (Lep., Papilionidae) - the late blooming bird cherry (Padus serotina Ehrh.). - Ent. Message Ber. 44, 183-188.
- Jörg Gelbrecht et al .: The butterflies of Brandenburg and Berlin . In: State Office for the Environment LfU (Hrsg.): Nature protection and landscape maintenance in Brandenburg . Issue 3, 4 2016, 2016, pp. 64 ff .
Web links
- Lepiforum - Sail butterfly
- Species portraits of butterflies in Rhineland-Palatinate - Sail butterflies
- Segelfalter from the "Portal for Butterflies and Caterpillars"
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
- Natural history information system
- Iphiclides podalirius at Fauna Europaea