Silver border cichlid

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Silver border cichlid
Systematics
Order : Cichliformes
Family : Cichlids (Cichlidae)
Subfamily : Cichlinae
Tribe : Cichlasomatini
Genre : Andinoacara
Type : Silver border cichlid
Scientific name
Andinoacara stalsbergi
Musilová , Schindler & Staeck , 2009

The silver border cichlid ( Andinoacara stalsbergi ) is a freshwater fish in the family of cichlids (Cichlidae) from the rivers and lakes along the Pacific coastal plains of Peru .

features

In its appearance, the silver border cichlid is very similar to the gold border cichlid . It has a strong body, typical of cichlasomine cichlids, with a dark olive basic color. The dorsal fin is high, extensive, with fine bluish or white lines running through the rear area and tapering off to a point. The caudal fin , which attaches to a clearly separated stalk, is drawn and round like the dorsal fin. These two unpaired fins have the narrow, whitish or silver-colored hem that gives them their name. The anal and pelvic fins also have a pointed end and correspond in color and pattern to the dorsal fin. The large, brownish pectoral fins are transparent. Starting at the beginning of the snout, a white to light bluish line and dot drawing extends over the entire gill cover . The large flank scales have a light olive courtyard and are bordered in dark olive. This creates the characteristic of the silver border cichlid and, depending on the incidence of light, shiny or slightly shimmering network drawing. In the middle of the body, below the clear sideline , there is a prominent dark spot. Its intensity is just as mood-dependent as that of the two almost white and broad vertical bands that extend from the dorsal fin to the ventral side immediately in front of and behind the spot. Two other bright vertical bands, in front of and behind the end of the dorsal fin, are less pronounced. Male and female silver border cichlids differ only slightly in appearance. Females stay smaller than males, which can grow to over 8 inches, and their dorsal fin may be less extended. Sexually mature males develop a forehead hump, but less pronounced than in the gold fringed cichlid.

Fin formula : D XIII.12 (1), XIII.13 (1), XIV.11 (3) or XIV.12 (7), P 13-14, V 7-9, A III.8 (8), III .9 (3) or III.10 (1).

Scale formula : Number of scales in the longitudinal row (E1): 24 (2) -25 (10).

distribution

Stalsberg collected the holotype , an adult female, in 2008 in the Peruvian Río Pisco . It is deposited in the Museum für Tierkunde Dresden under the catalog number MTD F 31782. The natural distribution of the silver border cichlids is mainly very well documented by aquarium publications. They colonize the slope of the Andes to the Peruvian Pacific coast between the Río Chira in the north and the Río Pisco in the south. The namesake Stalsberg found silver border cichlids in the rivers Río Pisco, Río Cañete , Río Mala , Río Lurín , in the Laguna Napique, in Lake San Ramón, in the Río Piura , in the gorges of Quebrada Camerons, Quebrada Onda and Quebrada Samana. In addition, the Laguna de Végueta, Pacasmayo and the further drainage of the Río Tumbes in the extreme north of Peru became known as habitats . At the border with Ecuador , where the habitat of the golden border cichlid begins, the northern distribution of the silver border cichlid ends.

ecology

Lüling found silver-fringed perch between aquatic and flooded land plants in the brackish Laguna de Vegueta, near the coast. Two species of tetra , Bryconamericanus peruvianus and Lebiasina bimaculata , guppies and the sleepy goby Dorminator latifrons also lived in the slightly alkaline , mineral-rich water . Alf Stalsberg, who carried out numerous collections between 1994 and 2008, found silver border cichlids in rocky and / or sandy rivers without vegetation and in murky and muddy lakes. Depending on the altitude, he found water temperatures between 24.0 and 28.2 ° C. He always measured alkaline pH values , a relatively high electrical conductivity based on dissolved mineral salts and total hardness of up to 40 ° dH. Silver border cichlids are adapted to these water conditions and have a high salinity tolerance , which even allows them to spread in brackish water. Their natural diet consists mainly of small fish.

Reproduction

Silver border cichlids form pairs for reproduction, which occupy breeding grounds. They lay their eggs openly on previously cleaned, solid substrates and re-embed the larvae that hatch after about three days until they swim free several times a day in previously prepared small pits. The female is primarily responsible for brood care and territorial defense. Immediately after the larvae have taken on the shape of a fish, they begin preying on other juvenile fish.

Systematics

The silver border cichlid, scientifically known by Regan since 1905 , has long been assigned to today's sister species Andinoacara rivulatus , the gold border cichlid. The Swedish ichthyologist Sven O. Kullander began a morphologically justified revision of the South American cichlids in the 1980s and recognized a number of evolutionarily more or less closely related groups of species in the collective genus Aequidens at that time . He subdivided the many Aequidens on the basis of his own diagnoses, placed some in already existing or newly described genera ( Krobia , Bujurquina , Tahuantinsuyoa , Laetacara , Cleithracara ...) - in the end , the tribe he called " Aequidens " rivulatus species group remained left. As " Aequidens " sp. The silver border cichlid remained taxonomically untreated for a long time. In 2009, a team of ichthyologists led by Zuzana Musilová presented the result of their very extensive investigations of four molecular genetic markers, which led to a new phylogeny and a new genus for the previous " Aequidens " rivulatus species group, the Andinoacara . The first scientific description of the silver border cichlid as Andinoacara stalsbergi took place in the same year .

Importance to humans

In their Peruvian homeland, medium-sized cichlids are used for human consumption. They are fished, harpooned and caught with nets.
As an aquarium fish, the silver border cichlid has achieved a high level of popularity (in English-speaking countries it is called "Green Terror" due to its aggressive behavior), but is only cared for and reproduced by a few specialists. In popular and scientific literature, silver hem and gold hem cichlids were often confused.

swell

  • Eigenmann, CH (1922): The fishes of western South America, Part I. The freshwater fishes of northwestern South America, including Colombia, Panama, and the Pacific slopes of Ecuador and Peru, together with an appendix upon the fishes of the Rio Meta in Colombia . Mem. Carn. Mus. (9): 1-346.
  • Kullander, SO (1986): Cichlid fishes of the Amazon River Drainage of Peru . Swedish Museum Natural History. Stockholm, 431 pp.
  • Kullander, SO (1998): A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) . In: Malabarba, LR, Reis, RE, Vari, RP, Lucena, ZMS & CAS Lucena (eds.): Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes : 461–498. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
  • Lüling, KH (1973): The Laguna de Vegueta on the coast of Central Peru and its fish, especially Aequidens rivulatus (Guenther 1859) . Zoological Contributions, New Series, 19: 93–108.
  • Marescalchi, O. (2005): Karyotype and mitochondrial 16S gene characterizations in seven South American Cichlasomatini species (Perciformes, Cichlidae) . Journ. Zool. Syst. & Evol. Res. 43: 22-28.
  • Musilová, Z., Říĉan, O. & J. Novák (2009): Phylogeny of the Neotropical cichlid fish tribe Cichlasomatini (Teleostei: Cichlidae) based on morphological and molecular data, with the description of a new genus . Journ. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 47 (3): 234-247.
  • Musilová, Z., Schindler, I. & W. Staeck (2009): Description of Andinoacara stalsbergi sp. n. (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Cichlasomatini) from Pacific coastal rivers in Peru, and annotations on the phylogeny of the genus . Vertebrate Zool. 59 (2): 131-141.
  • Regan, CT (1905): A revision of the fishes of the South-American cichlid genera Acara, Nannacara, Acaropsis, and Astronotus . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7 (15): 329-347.
  • Reis, RE, Kullander, SO & CJ Ferraris, Jr. (2003): Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America . CLOFFSCA.
  • Stawikowski, R. & U. Werner (1998): The American cichlids . Vol. 1: 213-217. ISBN 3-8001-7270-4 .
  • Werner, U. (1983): Silbersaumbuntbarsch, Aequidens rivulatus . The Aquarium, 17 (7): 355-360.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Musilová, Z., Schindler, I. & W. Staeck (2009): Description of Andinoacara stalsbergi sp. n. (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Cichlasomatini) from Pacific coastal rivers in Peru, and annotations on the phylogeny of the genus . Vertebrate Zool. 59 (2): 131-141.
  2. ↑ a b Lüling, KH (1973): The Laguna de Vegueta on the coast of Central Peru and its fish, especially Aequidens rivulatus (Guenther 1859) . Zoological Contributions, New Series, 19: 93–108.
  3. ↑ a b c Stawikowski, R. & U. Werner (1998): The American cichlids . Vol. 1: 213-217. ISBN 3-8001-7270-4 .
  4. ↑ Werner, U. (1983): Silbersaumbuntbarsch, Aequidens rivulatus . The Aquarium, 17 (7): 355-360.
  5. ^ Eigenmann, CH (1922): The fishes of western South America, Part I. The freshwater fishes of northwestern South America, including Colombia, Panama, and the Pacific slopes of Ecuador and Peru, together with an appendix upon the fishes of the Rio Meta in Colombia . Mem. Carn. Mus. (9): 1-346
  6. ^ Regan, CT (1905): A revision of the fishes of the South-American cichlid genera Acara, Nannacara, Acaropsis, and Astronotus . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7 (15): 329-347
  7. ^ Kullander, SO (1986): Cichlid fi shes of the Amazon River Drainage of Peru . Swedish Museum Natural History. Stockholm, 431 pp
  8. ^ Kullander, SO (1998): A phylogeny and classifi cation of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) . In: Malabarba, LR, Reis, RE, Vari, RP, Lucena, ZMS & CAS Lucena (eds.): Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes : 461–498. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  9. ^ Reis, RE, Kullander, SO & CJ Ferraris, Jr. (2003): Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America . CLOFFSCA.
  10. ↑ Marescalchi, O. (2005): Karyotype and mitochondrial 16S gene characterizations in seven South American Cichlasomatini species (Perciformes, Cichlidae) . Journ. Zool. Syst. & Evol. Res. 43: 22-28.
  11. ↑ Musilová, Z., Říĉan, O. & J. Novák (2009): Phylogeny of the Neotropical cichlid fish tribe Cichlasomatini (Teleostei: Cichlidae) based on morphological and molecular data, with the description of a new genus . Journ. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 47 (3): 234-247
  12. ↑ Musilová, Z., Schindler, I. & W. Staeck (2009): Description of Andinoacara stalsbergi sp. n. (Teleostei: Cichlidae: Cichlasomatini) from Pacific coastal rivers in Peru, and annotations on the phylogeny of the genus . Vertebrate Zool. 59 (2): 131-141

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