Yacón
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Yacón ( Smallanthus sonchifolius ) |
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| ( Poepp. & Endl. ) H.Rob. |
Yacón ( Smallanthus sonchifolius , Syn . : Polymnia edulis , Polymnia sonchifolia ) is a species of the genus Smallanthus and, like the sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ), belongs to the sunflower family (Asteraceae). It is related to the Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus , also: earth pear) and, like this, forms edible tubers . The yacón bulbs have a slightly sweet aroma. The tubers of the sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) have a certain resemblance to the tubers of the Yacón, which can lead to confusion, and both tubers must be protected from frost.
Description and ecology
Vegetative characteristics
Smallanthus sonchifolius is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 1.5 to 2.50 meters. The green to purple, hollow stem is densely hairy and branched. 4 to 20 spindle-shaped root tubers are formed as persistence organs, which reach a length of about 25 centimeters and a diameter of up to 10 centimeters. The tubers with a 1-2 mm thick shell can weigh several kilograms and be brown, gray-white, yellow or reddish in color. The inside can be white, off-white or even yellowish to purple in color. Harvesting the plant requires a lot of effort so that the root tubers do not break and thus remain storable.
The remotely serrated, pointed to pointed leaves are opposite to one another, growing down at the base with the up to 13 cm long stems and eyelet. The blade is densely hairy, the lower leaves are broadly shaped, the upper ones delta-shaped, partly spear-shaped. The leaves can be up to 33 cm long and 22 cm wide.
Generative characteristics
In the cup-shaped , hermaphrodite inflorescences are the single-row, female 11–19, up to 12 mm long, 2–3 pronged tongue and 60–116, five-part, hairy, male, 3–9 mm long tubular flowers in one to about 20 mm large pseudo-bloom . The inflorescence stalks are hairy. The two-row, hairy calyx is five to sixfold, there is a sheet of chaff in the tubular flowers . The yellow to orange flowers are pollinated by insects . Dark brown to black, 2-6 × 1.5-2.5 mm large achenes (Cypselas) without pappus are formed.
The ovary is unilocular and contains an ovule with basal placentation . The ovule is anatropic, unitegic and the nucellus is very weak and mostly disappeared at the time of fertilization (tenuinucellate).
The chromosome number is 2n = 60 or 58.
The Yacón cannot be propagated by seeds, but only by dividing the propagation roots (rhizomes) or pulling cuttings . The propagation root is located above the storage tubers after the plant has been harvested in autumn. For propagation, the light-colored buds of about 2 to 3 cm in size are cut out as pieces on the frost-free rootstock (rhizome) towards the end of winter.
Occurrence
Yacón comes from South America and grows there at altitudes of 900 to 3300 meters in the high plateaus of the Andes of Bolivia , Peru , Venezuela , Ecuador and northern Argentina . It has been used as food in the Andes for centuries . Because the Yacón is very adaptable, it is now also grown outside the Andes, e.g. B. in Asia ( China , Japan , Philippines , South Korea , Taiwan ), Australia , New Zealand (including Tasmania ), Germany, Czech Republic , Russia and the USA .
Common names
Other common names in different languages are: aricoma, arboloco, aricona, arikuma, colla, chiriguano, ipio, Inca root, jacón, jícama, jíquima, jikima, jiquimilla, leafcup, Llacon, Llacoma, mexican potato bean, polaco, poire de terre, potato bean , phew, shicama, taraca, yacuma, yacumpi.
Average composition
The composition of Yacón naturally fluctuates, both depending on the variety, the environmental conditions (soil, climate) and the cultivation technique (fertilization, plant protection).
Information per 100 g edible portion:
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use
Peeled raw tubers can be eaten immediately. The water-rich tubers have a sweet taste and are also eaten cooked. In Peru they are served on the Inti-Raymi holidays (= festival of the sun) under the name “cocaschke”.
The Yacón plant has a high proportion of oligofructose (an inulin , storage molecule). This composition makes the yacón plant of dietary interest for diabetics , because the multiple sugar oligofructose is suitable as a sugar substitute in the diabetes diet. Oligofructose has between 30 and 50% of the sweetness of sucrose .
Since digestive enzymes cannot break down oligofructose, it is part of the dietary fiber and is added as a prebiotic to yogurt, for example, to stimulate the colon bacteria which are desirable for a healthy intestinal flora . However, due to the increased acid production during fermentative degradation of inulin, the pH value in the colon drops and the gases formed can lead to flatulence in sensitive people - the only known side effect of consuming inulin-containing parts of plants.
A diet fortified with Yacón has been shown to reduce blood sugar levels in rats.
Yacón syrup is extracted from the tubers as a sweetener. They are also used for lassi and smoothies . A schnapps can also be made from the Yacón, which has a very pleasant earthy taste.
The yacón stay fresh longer if they are kept in a box with moist soil. They should be turned on the damp earth.
Yacón field
Young plant with a flower base
Mock flower (flower head)
Tubers
Yacón tubers and (a) sweet potato
Yacón propagation root with rhizomes and storage tubers
Yacón turned on the ground bed
Yacóntee + with fresh leaves
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Web links
- Profile of the Mainz Botanical Garden .
- Yacon at Garten-Treffpunkt, accessed on October 14, 2018. (Additional images on pests, Yacóntee, root system, kitchen recipes, leaves and information on history in Europe, harvest, storage and propagation).
- Information and Illustration In: Australian New Crops Newsletter. No. 12, 1999 ( Memento of August 8, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (English).
- Polymnia edulis from Useful Tropical Plants, accessed October 13, 2018.
- L. Kamp, B. Mast, W. Claupein, S. Graeff-Hönninger: Growth process and yield of various Smallanthus sonchifolius genotypes (PDF) at Hohenheim University.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Waldemar Ternes , Alfred Täufel, Lieselotte Tunger, Martin Zobel (eds.): Food lexicon . 4th, comprehensively revised edition. Behr, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-89947-165-2 , pp. 2087 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ↑ TK Lim: Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants. Volume 9, Springer, 2015, ISBN 978-94-017-9510-4 , pp. 717–723.
- ↑ a b Maira Soledad Vitali, G. Sancho, L. Katinas: A revision of Smallanthus (Asteraceae, Millerieae), the “yacón” genus. In: Phytotoxa. 214 (1), 2015, pp. 1–84, online (PDF; 16.3 MB), on researchgate.net, doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.214.1.1 .
- ↑ MS Ibañez, MI Mercado, MV Coll Aráoz et al .: Flower structure and developmental stages of the capitulum of Smallanthus sonchifolius (Asteraceae): reproductive implications. In: Journal of Plant Research. Volume 130, Issue 2, 2017, pp. 327–337, doi : 10.1007 / s10265-017-0904-x .
- ↑ Brunno FR Caetano, Nelci A. de Moura, Ana PS Almeida et al .: Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) as a Food Supplement: Health-Promoting Benefits of Fructooligosaccharides. In: Nutrients. 8 (7), 2016, p. 436, doi: 10.3390 / nu8070436 .
- ↑ Univ.-Prof. Prof. Dr. med. Kurt Widhalm: Nutritional Medicine . Ed .: Kurt Widhalm. 2nd Edition. Verlagshaus der Ärzte, Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-901488-51-0 , p. 137 .
- ↑ A. Pedersen, B. Sandström, JM Van Amelsvoort: The effect of ingestion of inulin on blood lipids and gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy females. In: Br J Nutr. 78 (2), Aug 1997, pp. 215-222. PMID 9301412 .
- ↑ L. Sobotka, M. Brátova, M. Slemrová, J. Manák, J. Vizd'a, Z. Zadák: Inulin as the soluble fiber in liquid enteral nutrition. In: Nutrition. 13 (1), Jan 1997, pp. 21-25. PMID 9058443 .
- ↑ H. Satoh, MT Audrey Nguyen, A. Kudoh, T. Watanabe: Yacon diet (Smallanthus sonchifolius, Asteraceae) improves hepatic insulin resistance via reducing Trb3 expression in sugar fa / fa rats . In: Nutrition & Diabetes . tape 3 , no. 5 , 2013, p. e70 , doi : 10.1038 / nutd.2013.11 .
