Sofja Vladimirovna Panina

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Sofja Vladimirovna Panina

Countess Sofya Vladimirovna Panina ( Russian Софья Владимировна Панина ; born August 23, jul. / 4. September  1871 greg. In Moscow ; † 13. June 1956 in New York City ) was a Russian philanthropist , patron and politician and one of the first Russian feminists .

Life

Panina's father Count Vladimir Viktorovich Panin died in 1872. Her grandfather Viktor Nikitich Panin was one of the richest landowners in Russia and Minister of Justice . Her maternal grandfather Sergei Ivanovich Malzow was a large landowner, major general and successful entrepreneur . Her maternal aunt was the poet Kapitolina Sergejewna Meschtscherskaja née Malzowa, while her paternal aunt Olga Viktorovna Levaschowa née Panina ran a liberal salon. Panina's mother married the lawyer and liberal politician Ivan Ilyich Petrunkevich in 1892 .

Panina, as the only daughter, inherited large estates in the Moscow governorates (with Marfino Castle near Mytishchi ), Smolensk , Voronezh and in the Crimea with the Gaspra Castle . Panina studied in St. Petersburg at the higher courses for women with degrees. In 1890 Panina married the millionaire son Alexander Alexandrowitsch Polowzew the Younger , with the emperor Alexander III , who is related to the bridegroom . replaced the bride's father. The marriage ended in divorce in 1896.

In 1891 Panina met the teacher Alexandra Wassiljewna Peschechonowa and with her opened a free canteen for children in the St. Petersburg working-class district on the Ligowka. In 1900 she acquired a piece of land and had the architect J. J. Benois build a Volkshaus on it, which was officially opened in 1903 as the Ligowski Volkshaus . The house was available to political groups for meetings. In 1906 Lenin held his first major meeting here in St. Petersburg. Panina was chairman of several charities. She worked in the Standing Commission for the Organization of Popular Readings and was vice-chairman of the Society for the Advancement of Students in City Elementary Schools. In 1900 she founded and supported the Russian Women's Protection Society, which worked against prostitution , with others . In 1901 she made her Gaspra Castle in the Crimea available to Lev Tolstoy for recreation with his family. This is where his poem Haji Murat was written .

Sofja Vladimirovna Panina ( IJ Repin , 1909)

Panina's political views developed under the influence of her aunt Olga. Since she did not accept autocracy , she was known in right-wing circles as the red countess . According to Felix Jussupov's memories, Gaspra Castle in Crimea was a meeting place for politicians and artists, where, for example, the soprano Anna Jan-Ruban performed with her piano accompanist Wladimir Pohl . After the February Revolution of 1917 , she was elected to the Petrograd city duma . She became a member of the Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party ( Cadets) and Vice Minister for State Supply of the Provisional Government (from August Vice Minister for Public Enlightenment). Immediately after the October Revolution , she was arrested as one of the leading cadets. She refused to give the Bolsheviks the funds from the Ministry of Public Enlightenment, which were stored in a foreign bank. The Revolutionary Tribunal opened her trial on the day in December when she was elected honorary member of the Russian Society of Friends of Peace Studies. In recognition of her positive contribution to society, she was released with an obligation to pay the funds in question to the Treasury of the People's Commissariat for Education .

At the beginning of 1918 Panina fled to southern Russia. She stayed on the Don until the spring of 1920 . She supported the White Movement and lived with NI Astrov , who was a member of the General Command of the Armed Forces of Southern Russia and Anton Denikin's political advisor during the Russian Civil War . In 1920 she emigrated and from 1921 to 1924 lived with Astrow in Geneva as Russian representative to the League of Nations High Commission for Refugees . In 1924 Panina was invited to Prague by the government of Czechoslovakia as director of a center for Russian refugees. Astrow died in 1934. After the Munich Agreement , Panina emigrated to the USA in December 1938 . She first lived in Los Angeles for a year and then settled in New York City . She worked with Lev Tolstoy's youngest daughter, Alexandra, to set up the Rockland County- based Tolstoy Foundation to support Russian emigrants in Europe (and later to support prisoners of war and displaced persons ).

Panina was buried in the Russian Orthodox Cemetery of the Novo Diveevo Women's Convent in Nanuet, Rockland County, New York , which also houses a memorial to the Russian Liberation Army (Vlasov Army) .

Web links

Commons : Sofja Vladimirovna Panina  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Marcelline J. Hutton: Russian and West European Women, 1860-1939: Dreams, Struggles, and Nightmares . Rowman & Littlefield, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7425-1044-9 , pp. 235 .
  2. ↑ a b Noonan, NC: Encyclopedia of Russian women's movements . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 50 .
  3. ↑ Адель Линденмайер: Софья Владимировна ПАНИНА (accessed June 24, 2017).
  4. ↑ ЛИГОВСКИЙ НАРОДНЫЙ ДОМ (accessed June 24, 2017).
  5. ↑ Народный дом Паниной (accessed June 24, 2017).
  6. ^ A b Lindenmeyr, Adele: The First Soviet Political Trial: Countess Sofia Panina before the Petrograd Revolutionary Tribunal . In: The Russian Review . tape 60 , 2001, p. 505-525 , doi : 10.1111 / 0036-0341.00188 .
  7. ↑ Альбом Санкт-Петербург, столица Российской Империи . ISBN 5-268-00406-9 .
  8. ↑ Князь Феликс Юсупов: Мемуары . Захаров, Moscow 2011, ISBN 978-5-8159-1045-4 , p. 437 .
personal data
SURNAME Panina, Sofja Vladimirovna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Панина, Софья Владимировна (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian philanthropist, patron, politician and feminist
DATE OF BIRTH September 4, 1871
PLACE OF BIRTH Moscow
DATE OF DEATH June 13, 1956
Place of death New York City