St-Jean de Montmartre

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Catholic parish church of Saint-Jean de Montmartre, view from the northeast
inner space

The Roman Catholic parish church of Saint-Jean de Montmartre , and Saint-Jean l'Évangéliste called, was built in 1894 to 1904 and is considered the first religious building in reinforced concrete . The church is one of the two parish churches of Montmartre , along with Saint-Pierre . The church is at 19 rue des Abbesses, on the "butte", the hill of Montmartre, in the 18th arrondissement of Paris. The nearest metro station is Abbesses station on line 12 .

history

The construction of the church goes back to the initiative of the parish priest Sobaux, who wanted to replace the dilapidated parish church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre with a larger and better located building. A design by Edouard Bérard emerged from a competition , who wanted to build the church as a concrete structure according to the system of François Hennebique . A cheaper variant was implemented, which Anatole de Baudot (1834-1915), diocesan master builder of various dioceses and a student of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and Henri Labrouste , proposed. He chose a reinforced concrete construction method that was new at the time and designed by the engineer Paul Cottancin (1865–1928). In this hollow blocks made of brick used, pulled through the iron bars and were then sealed with cement. Only the brick was visible from the outside, but the reinforced concrete actually supported the building. This method allowed very thin load-bearing walls and pillars.

Work began in 1894, but had to be stopped four years later because doubts about the stability of the construction had arisen. There was a lawsuit because of the violation of building regulations and the parts that had already been built should first be demolished. Above all, there were concerns about the 7 cm thick concrete ceiling and the 25 m high square pillars with only 50 cm sides. It was not until 1902 that work could be continued and the church completed in 1904.

In 1966, Saint-Jean de Montmartre was added to the list of Monuments historiques .

architecture

Exterior construction

North portal

The outside facade of the church is completely clad with bricks, the reinforced concrete is concealed inside the hollow blocks. Horizontal and vertical bands of small glazed ceramic tiles form a colored ornament and frame the portal and the windows. They refer to Art Nouveau and were made by the ceramicist Alexandre Bigot (1862–1927).

The north facade is characterized by the mighty bell tower, in which the main entrance is located and flanked by two narrow octagonal stair towers. The tympanum has a bronze relief with geometric motifs and a bust of the Evangelist John , the patron saint of the church. Like the two angels on the portal arch, it was created by Pierre Roche (1855–1922).

Due to the steep slope of the church property, an approximately 10 meter high lower church was built under the slope side choir in the south.

inner space

The anteroom is adjoined by the three-aisled nave, which is divided into five unequal bays and ends in a rectangular choir in the south . At the height of the second and fourth yoke, the two open cross homes that do not protrude beyond the side aisles.

Leaded glass window

Leaded glass window Apocalyptic Horseman
Apse window depicting the crucifixion of Christ, including the four creatures of the Apocalypse and the lamb on the book with seven seals
Window with the symbol of Mary Hortus conclusus

The central window of the apse was created by Léon Tournel in 1906 and depicts the crucifixion of Christ . Mary and the apostle John , Jesus' favorite disciple, stand on either side of the cross . Mary Magdalene kneels at the foot of the cross . On the right side, soldiers roll the dice for the clothes of Jesus. On the lower windows - surrounded by the four beings of the Apocalypse  - the Lamb of God is represented on the book with seven seals .

The three large windows of the transepts were made between 1918 and 1920 by Jac Galland after cartons by Pascal Blanchard (1861–1945). They depict the miraculous multiplication of the bread, the adulteress who saved Jesus from stoning , and the raising of Lazarus .

The smaller aisle windows were also created by Jac Galland based on drawings by Pascal Blanchard. They refer to symbols of Mary such as the image of the Hortus conclusus , in which an enclosed garden symbolizes the virginity of Mary, or to the Lauretanian litany , in which Mary as a mirror of justice, seat of wisdom, precious chalice, mysterious rose, ivory tower, gate of heaven or the morning star.

On the windows in the spandrels of the two domes above the nave, the symbols of the evangelists (lion, bull, eagle and human figure with wings) are depicted, as well as the second and fourth Horsemen of the Apocalypse . In the Revelation of John, after opening the second seal, a blood-red horse and a rider with a sword in hand appear. The fourth rider is depicted as a skeleton with a scythe leading a pale horse.

organ

View of the main organ

The organ was made by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll in 1852 and installed in the church of Saint-Jean de Montmartre in 1910 by the organ builder Charles Mutin . The instrument was expanded several times in the course of the 20th century by the organ builder Gutschenritter and was most recently restored by the organ builder Yves Fossaert in 2010. The instrument has 28  registers , including three transmissions, on two manuals and pedal . The actions are mechanical.

I Grand Orgue C-g 3
1. Bourdon 16 ′
2. Bourdon 08th'
3. Salicional 08th'
4th Flûte harmonique 08th'
5. Montre 08th'
6th Prestant 04 ′
7th Plein-jeu II-V
8th. Trumpets 08th'
II Récit expressif C – g 3
09. Quintaton 16 ′ (n)
10. Cor de nuit 08th'
11. Viol 08th'
12. Voix céleste 08th'
13. Flûte traversière 08th'
14th Flûte octaviante 04 ′
15th Nasard 02 2 ⁄ 3  ′ (n)
16. Octavine 02 ′ (n)
continuation
17th Tierce 01 3 ⁄ 5  ′ (n)
18th Basson 16 ′ (n)
19th Voix humaine 08th'
20th Basson-hautbois 08th'
21st Trumpets 08th'
22nd Clairon 04 ′ (n)
Tremolo
Pedale C – f 1
23. Flute 16 ′
24. Soubasse (= No. 1) 16 ′
25th Flûte (= No. 4) 08th'
26th Bourdon (= No. 2) 08th'
27. Bombard 16 ′
28. Bass 08th'
  • Coupling: II / I (also as sub-octave coupling), I / P, II / P
  • Annotation:
(n) = Register from the time after Cavaillé-Coll.

literature

  • Georges Brunel, Marie-Laure Deschamps-Bourgeon, Yves Gagneux: Dictionnaire des Églises de Paris . 1st edition 1995, Éditions Hervas, Paris 2000, ISBN 2-903118-77-9 , pp. 261-262.
  • Jean Colson, Marie-Christine Lauroa (ed.): Dictionnaire des Monuments de Paris . 1st edition 1992, Paris 2003, ISBN 2-84334-001-2 , pp. 700-701.
  • Aline Dumoulin, Alexandra Ardisson, Jérôme Maingard, Murielle Antonello: Paris D'Église en Église . Éditions Massin, Paris 2008, ISBN 978-2-7072-0583-4 , pp. 332–334.
  • Ferdinand Werner : The long way to new building . Volume 1: Concrete: 43 men invent the future . Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 2016. ISBN 978-3-88462-372-5 , pp. 169–172.

Web links

Commons : St-Jean de Montmartre  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Werner, p. 169.
  2. ↑ Werner, pp. 166, 168.
  3. ↑ Werner, p. 170.
  4. ↑ Information on the history and disposition of the organ of St. Jean de Montmartre

Coordinates: 48 ° 53 ′ 3 "  N , 2 ° 20 ′ 16.4"  E