St. Annaberg
| Annaberg | ||
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 View of the Annaberg with the monastery church |
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| height | 406 m npm | |
| location | Poland , Upper Silesia | |
| Coordinates | 50 ° 27 ′ 0 ″ N , 18 ° 10 ′ 0 ″ E | |
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The St. Annaberg (also Annaberg ; Schlonsakisch Anaberg; Polish Góra Świętej Anny [ ˈgura ˈɕfʲɛntɛɪ̯ ˈan: ɨ ]) is an island mountain in a rural area, on which the most important Catholic pilgrimage site in Upper Silesia is. It is a complex consisting of the pilgrimage basilica , the monastery and the calvary above the village of the same name Sankt Annaberg (Polish: Góra Świętej Anny ) in the area of the municipality of Leschnitz between Tarnowskie Góry (Tarnowitz) and Opole . The aim of the numerous pilgrimages is a 66 cm high figure of St. Anne herself, made of lime wood, in the main altar of the pilgrimage church. The Annaberg consists of the remains of a volcano that has been inactive for several million years.
Surname
The Annaberg was originally called Chelmberg , later the name Sankt Georgenberg appeared, for example in 1657 as "Monte Georgi vulgo Chelm". The monastery chronicle from 1665 recorded "Conventus Sanctae Annae in Monte Chelm"; the term monte Chelm was also used in a visitation report from 1679. On a map of Silesia from 1561 the name S. Georgenberg and 1712 Georgenberg can be found . The current name associated with the cult of St. Anne appeared later.
history
Monastery and pilgrimage site
The written history of Góra Świętej Anny began in the 15th century. Around 1480, Christoph Strela (Stral), the then lord of Poremba (Poręba) , and his son Krystek lent a large sum of money, probably to build a church on their mountain top. By virtue of a document signed by the Wroclaw Bishop Johannes Thurzo on June 25, 1516, the Lord on Poremba, Mikołaj Strela, gave St. Anne's Church on the Chelmberg to the pastor of the parish of Leschnitz for care. The mountain quickly became the destination of many pilgrimages . Its rank was raised by the handover of St. Anne's relics from Nikolaus Kochtizky - owner of Ujest (Ujazd) .
The further development of this place was connected with the fate of the von Gashin family from Wieluń . In 1631 they became the owners of Zyrowa and in 1637 they bought Poremba and the Annaberg. Count Melchior Ferdinand von Gaschin wanted to settle Franciscans on the Annaberg . To this end, he turned several times to the Franciscan Reformati in Krakow , which already at that time a monastery in Gleiwitz (Gliwice) possessed. But his request was denied. It was only during the Swedish-Polish Wars that the Franciscans were forced to leave their monasteries in Cracow and Lemberg and seek refuge in Silesia. At that time the decision was made to hand over the church on Annaberg to the Franciscans. On November 1, 1655, 22 friars arrived under the leadership of Father Franciszek Rychłowski. At first they lived in Leschnitz. Count von Gashin gave them the space for the monastery and garden and secured funds for the expansion of the existing church. Since August 6, 1656, the church was officially under the supervision of the Franciscans. On June 16, 1657, the donation agreement was confirmed by the Polish King John II Casimir , who at that time was pledge of the Duchy of Opole-Ratibor .
From 1657 to 1659 a wooden monastery was built on Annaberg. In its place, today's brick monastery was built in the years 1733–1749, later it was rebuilt several times. This is how the Baroque - Gothic church building , which is still preserved today, was created . An extension of the church is the square courtyard, surrounded on three sides by arcades from 1768, rebuilt in 1804, and called Paradise Square. One of the benefactors of the Franciscans was Melchior's executor, Georg Adam von Gashin. He started building the Calvary . For this he received approval from the Bishop of Breslau in 1700. 1700–1709, three large and 30 smaller chapels “in honor of the Lord's Passion” were built based on the model of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska . This work was carried out by the Italian architect Domenico Signo, who lives in Opole . From 1760 to 1764, Count Anton von Gaschin, known as the Strong , restored the previous chapels and added others dedicated to Our Lady . The Calvary was completed in 1764.
During this time, Annaberg became the center of religious life in Upper Silesia, which attracted more and more pilgrims, including from neighboring countries. In order to provide enough space for all pilgrims during the common prayer, the quarry was leveled. The Lourdes grotto was built between 1912 and 1914 . Stations of the Cross were built around the square surrounding it . For the ever increasing number of pilgrims, a new pilgrimage home (approx. 2000 places) was built between 1929 and 1938 at the instigation of Father Felix Koss.
For the needs of pilgrims, books and religious publications were printed in both Polish and German for several decades . The publishing houses of Franz Gielnik and Michael Rogier had already been based here since the middle of the 19th century; the third publishing house was opened later by Adolf Marcyago. As the most popular publisher, Gielnik-Verlag published until the 1940s.
The monastery was abandoned by the Franciscans three times in the history of the Annaberg. The first time during the secularization in Prussia in 1810 (until 1858), then during the so-called Kulturkampf in 1875 and finally for the third time in 1940 during the Second World War . It belonged to the Saxon Franciscan Province , from 1911 to the newly founded Silesian Franciscan Province and after the Second World War to the Polish Franciscan Province of St. Hedwig (Prowincja Świętej Jadwigi Zakonu Braci Mniejszych) . The writings published on Annaberg by local publishers as well as various monastery documents prove that the Franciscan parish was bilingual for a long time. This was also evident in the celebrations of the greatest indulgences that have been held since 1861 and that were celebrated separately for Polish and German-speaking believers. This situation lasted until 1939, when a ban on Polish-language devotions was issued in Upper Silesia. In contrast, the devotions after the Second World War in Góra Świętej Anny, now Polish, were held exclusively in Polish. Bilingualism could only be reintroduced after the fall of the Wall in 1989 in the form of Sunday mass in German and the annual minority pilgrimage on Annaberg.
Political significance and battlefield
Annaberg is also of great political importance for the German-Polish history of the 20th century. In the referendum in Upper Silesia on March 20, 1921 about state membership, almost 60% of the voters voted for Upper Silesia to remain with Germany. In the municipality of Annaberg, almost 82% of the valid votes voted for Germany; in the superior constituency of Groß Strehlitz, however, a narrow majority in favor of joining Poland. In the Third Polish Uprising organized by Wojciech Korfanty , Polish militants, with the support of French troops, tried to slam the parts of Upper Silesia that had a Polish majority in the vote. Germany was officially prevented by the provisions of the Versailles Treaty and pressure from the victorious French power from taking action against the rebels. The German resistance was unofficially supported.
In May 1921, Polish irregulars occupied the strategically important Annaberg, and the place became a symbol for the two warring parties. The area around the Annaberg was at this time a central place of the military conflicts, which had a decisive influence on the final outcome of the fighting. On May 21, 1921, the Self-Protection Oberschlesien (SSOS) formed from the German Freikorps took the mountain under the command of Peter von Heydebreck (1889–1934) in the storming of Annaberg .
On October 20, 1921, following a recommendation by the League of Nations , the Supreme Council of the Allies decided to transfer the east of the Upper Silesian industrial area , which corresponded to a third of the total area of Upper Silesia, to Poland. The part of the voting area that was larger in terms of area and population, but more agrarian and sparsely populated, remained with the German Reich.
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This event was nationalistically transfigured both during the Nazi era and in the communist People's Republic of Poland ; the mountain became a memorial to the battles of 1921. From 1934 to 1936, an amphitheater called a Silesian celebration was used as a place of things . The architects involved were Böhmer & Petrich .
From 1936 to 1938, according to plans by Robert Tischler, a rotunda with a mausoleum was built in the quarry as a realm memorial for the Freikorps fighters , built by the Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge for the fallen of the Self-Protection of Upper Silesia and the Freikorps in Upper Silesia, the Baltic States and the Ruhr area. The ashes of 50 dead were reburied in the mausoleum. According to the design of the authorities, the amphitheater, known as the Silesians' celebration, and the mausoleum should be a counterweight to the sanctuary , so they were in competition with the Catholic pilgrimage site of St. Annaberg. After the Second World War, Annaberg became Polish. The German mausoleum was blown up in 1945. In 1955 the memorial to the rebellious act was erected on this site . This memorial is the work of the Polish sculptor Xawery Dunikowski , who spent four years in Auschwitz . On the way from Annaberg to Leschnitz is the Museum of the Silesian Uprising . The stands of the amphitheater and the flagpole, which is also made of stone, have been preserved.
literature
- Camillus Bolczyk: St. Annaberg. History of the famous pilgrimage site in the heart of Upper Silesia . Franziskaner Verlag, Carlowitz-Breslau 1926.
- revised new edition under the title St. Annaberg. Brief history of the famous pilgrimage site in the heart of Upper Silesia . Antonius-Verlag, Breslau 1937.
- Robert Thoms: The storm on Annaberg 1921 in historical documents. Documents on the history of the German Freikorps . Books on Demand, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-8311-1792-6 .
- Erich Mende : The Annaberg and the German-Polish relationship . Association of Expellees, Bonn 1991, ISBN 3-925103-48-1 .
- City administration in Leschnitz (Leśnica): Around the Sankt Annaberg , 1996, ISBN 83-904629-0-7 .
- Korbinian Böck: "Bulwark of Germanness in the East": The Freikorpsehrenmal on the Annaberg / Upper Silesia. In: RIHA Journal . June 27, 2017, accessed January 18, 2019 .
Web links
- Dealing with the past on Annaberg ( Memento from June 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- Chronology of the events of 1921 ( Memento of October 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- Film about Annaberg, produced on behalf of the Annaland Association
- History and sights on Annaberg in the online travel guide Oberschlesien
Individual evidence
- ↑ Arnold Bartetzky, Marina Dmitrieva, Stefan Troebst: New States - New Images ?: Visual Culture in the Service of State Self-Presentation in Central and Eastern Europe since 1918, Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, 2005, p. 304 [1]
- ↑ Image of the Reich Memorial (Herder Institute)
- ↑ History Recovered
- ↑ Arnold Bartetzky, Marina Dmitrieva, Stefan Troebst: New States - New Pictures ?: visual culture in the service of state self-representation in Central and Eastern Europe since 1918, Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, 2005, p. 304/305 [2]