St. Reinoldi (Dortmund)

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St. Reinoldi in Dortmund

St. Reinoldi , also Reinoldikirche , is a Protestant church in downtown Dortmund . According to its founding date, it is the oldest preserved church in the historic city center, an early Gothic three-bay basilica with a late Romanesque transept , a late Gothic choir and a baroque west tower adjoining Romanesque forms . The oldest part still preserved today is the transept, built just before the middle of the 13th century. As a town and council church, St. Reinoldi was the spiritual center of the imperial city of Dortmund in the Middle Ages and was also the main parish church until the Reformation . Today it is the Protestant town church. St. Reinoldi forms the urban and geographical center of the city center and is a landmark of Dortmund. The church is named after the city ​​patron Reinoldus , who was also the church patron until the Reformation .

history

In the Braun-Hogenberg plan, St. Reinoldi towers over the city's walls, monasteries and houses at the end of the 16th century

Dortmund chroniclers suspect that at the intersection of the Hellweg and the historic road from Cologne to Bremen there was an original church from the 9th century. However, no excavation finds exist from this church. What is documented, however, is a Palatine church from the Ottonian period . This Ottonian hall church with transept and semicircular apse was destroyed for the first time during war riots around 1060 and then rebuilt with a new outer crypt to accommodate the Reinoldus relics that were perhaps brought to Dortmund in 1065 .

This church, now under the patronage of Saint Reinoldus, was probably destroyed again during fighting between 1113 and 1115 and then rebuilt.

Historical floor plan of St. Reinoldi

A city fire of 1231/32 destroyed the church a third time. This is proven by traces of fire that were recently discovered during archaeological investigations on the north side of today's church. It was rebuilt between 1233 and 1235. The transept comes from this construction phase. After the plan was changed, the early Gothic nave was added by 1260 , originally two bays longer to the west . 1421–1450 the Romanesque choir was replaced by today's late Gothic one and the sacristy was added. In 1661 the Gothic tower, which was raised from 1443-1454, collapsed. As a result, the nave was shortened by two bays in the west and today's tower was placed in front of it. Its Romanesque-looking blind arcades are an example of retrospective architecture .

In the development of the city, the dispute over the church patronage for St. Reinoldi played an important role. The right to fill the pastor's position initially lay with the dean of the Mariengraden monastery in Cologne . Documents are documented canonical processes between 1262 and 1290, which ended with a compromise: The Cologne monastery was only allowed to appoint citizens of Dortmund as pastors. The council seems to have exercised the right of patronage for St. Reinoldi since 1421, the events leading to this have not been documented.

In the 14th century, the free imperial city of Dortmund came under increasing pressure from the surrounding territorial powers, but was able to assert itself. The Great Feud lasted from May 29, 1388 to November 8, 1389 , from which Dortmund emerged stronger. The economic strength developed in the following years was reflected, among other things, in the art treasures donated to the churches. From 1421 to 1450 the great councilor of St. Reinoldi was built, which still shapes the image of the church today. In 1446 the addition of the sacristy began.

The furnishings of St. Reinoldi make it clear that an essential function of the building was the representation of the imperial city freedom of Dortmund. In the transition between the nave and the choir, sculptures of Charlemagne and the city patron Reinoldus were placed, both on the city's eagle coat of arms , whose similarity to the empire's coat of arms is striking. The arrangement of the council stalls in front of the relic house with the bones of the city patron clearly shows the close connection between religious and sacred ideas.

St. Reinoldi around 1857
80 Pf postage stamp (€ 0.41) of the definitive series attractions (April 5, 2001)

The tower of St. Reinoldi was renewed from 1443. Because of its height of 112 meters, it was considered a "miracle of Westphalia" after its completion in 1454. The spire was renewed for the first time in 1519. On June 24th, 1520 the roof covering with copper was completed, on July 27th the sphere was put in place. The top of the roof had now grown another seven meters. On the building a monitored towers high above the city. In 1661 the tower collapsed after being damaged by the earthquake . The foundation for the new tower was laid around 1662 and the structure was completed in 1701 with a baroque dome .

During the First World War , the Reinoldi community donated the bells, the copper roof and the organ prospect in order to produce armaments from these raw materials. After the war, a so-called Heroes' Chapel was built in the north-west of the church in 1926 to commemorate the fallen of the First World War. In World War II St. Reinoldi was heavily damaged. On October 6, 1944, during the fourth major Allied attack on Dortmund, the church, which had already been damaged in previous attacks, was destroyed down to the side walls.

Reconstruction, partly financed by donations and a lottery , began in 1950 and lasted six years. On June 3, 1956, the inauguration was celebrated in the rebuilt church. In accordance with the aesthetics of the time, the interior now appears stone-like without plaster. The reconstruction of the tower was based on the familiar baroque silhouette, but aimed at a more dominant urban development effect by raising the octagon and a slimmer, higher structure of the French dome .

The tower of St. Reinoldi can be climbed up to the first platform through the bell chamber. Its current height is 104 meters. At the top of the bell tower, a metal weather vane turns in the wind. The weather vane shows the heraldic animal of the city of Dortmund with the eagle.

In 2006 a two-storey, glass extension was built on the south-west of the tower. As a result of an architectural competition, the design by the Dortmund office of architects Schröder Schulte-Ladbeck was implemented, based on the floor plan of the warrior chapel built after the First World War and destroyed in the Second World War. The building has a breakthrough to the historical church structure and is home to the Reinoldiforum of the Evangelical City Church Dortmund.

On January 1, 2007, the formerly independent Reinoldi congregation merged with the parishes of Apostel, Heliand and Melanchthon to form the Protestant parish of St. Reinoldi Dortmund .

At the beginning of June 2008 it was announced that the renovation of the church, in particular the renovation work on the tower, the outer facade and the roof, would cost 3.4 million euros. The tower of the church was scaffolded until 2009 and the scaffolding was covered with large advertising posters to cover the renovation work.

The St. Reinoldi Foundation and the Rettet Reinoldi initiative have now been set up to ensure that the building will be preserved in the long term . From church tax funds, 40,000 euros are available annually for the renovation of the church. The actual maintenance costs, however, amount to around 100,000 euros per year. The aim of the foundation is to provide the missing amount.

The Reinoldikirche is registered as a monument in the list of monuments of the city of Dortmund .

Furnishing

Reinoldikirche: interior
Eagle desk

There are numerous art treasures and historical or religious objects in St. Reinoldi. Most of these art treasures were donated by the council of the Hanseatic City of Dortmund and by rich Dortmund citizens to decorate the new choir, which was built between 1421 and 1450.

On the north side of the choir entrance there is a wooden sculpture of Reinoldus . The larger-than-life representation of the knightly church and city patron dates from the first half of the 14th century. Reinoldus stands on a pillar pedestal decorated with an eagle and lions under a wooden canopy. The current wooden exterior of the figure was restored several times in the 19th and 20th centuries. It can be assumed that the sculpture was originally painted. It is also received as a Roland statue .

On the other side of the choir, another wooden figure watches over the community. The sculpture of Charlemagne illustrates secular rule. Charlemagne holds the imperial orb and scepter in his hands. He is dressed with a bow-shaped crown, armor and a precious cloak. The carving dates from the middle of the 15th century.

The choir stalls on the north and south walls of the choir were made in 1462 by a carver named Hermann Brabender . In the Middle Ages, councilors took their places on the stalls during mass. It can accommodate 42 people. On the outside of the stalls there are carvings with depictions of Reinoldus and the emperor. Mary, Jesus and the saints Pantaleon, Quirinus von Neuss and Antonius the Hermit are also depicted there.

In 1456 a reliquary house was set up right next to the council's choir stalls. Relics of St. Reinoldus and other saints were kept here until the 17th century. The originally kept relics have not been preserved. There is a sacrament house opposite the reliquary house.

The retable on the high altar dates from 1420 and was made in Belgium by the so-called Master von Hakendover . The retable, which is now permanently open, shows scenes from the life of Jesus and Mary. The crucifixion of Christ is the theme of the central part of the altar panel.

The eagle stand dates from the first half of the 15th century. It was imported from Belgium, then a bronze art center. The lectern was used to read out the Gospel, which the eagle refers to as the symbol of the evangelist John. The bird of prey, which is also the heraldic animal of the city of Dortmund, has defeated the snake and holds it between its claws. He grips around a ball supported by a column. Eagle and column architecture rest on the backs of small lion figures.

  • Sculpture of the Virgin Mary from the middle of the 15th century above the sacristy door
  • Twelve apostle sculptures in front of the windows
  • Baptismal font from 1469

Organs

St. Reinoldi is a center for church music. In 2007 the only CD recording "Organ and Bells of the St. Reinoldi Church Dortmund" with Reinoldikantor Klaus Müller on the Walcker organ was released. St. Reinoldi is also the place of activity of the traditional Dortmund Bach Choir .

Walcker organ from 1909

In 1909, at the instigation of the pastor Gottfried Traub in St. Reinoldi, one of the largest organ works in the West was installed, the famous Walcker organ with five manuals, an independent pedal and 105 stops . The organ was solemnly inaugurated with a Bach Festival. Albert Schweitzer, a well-known organist, expert on Bach and theoretician of organ building, attended the inauguration and played Bach. The building of the Reinoldi organ had a strong influence on the whole of German organ building. The organ was a major work of the so-called Alsatian-New German reform. The important composer Gerard Bunk worked on it from 1925 . The organ was destroyed in World War II.

Walcker organ from 1958

organ

Today's organ , built in 1958 by the Walcker company in Ludwigsburg and inaugurated by Gerard Bunk, has 72 registers on four manuals and a pedal with an electro-pneumatic action and is considered to be an important testimony to post-war organ construction. In 1996 the electrical parts were renewed and a new gaming table with a setting system was built.

The renovation of the current organ turned out to be unprofitable. The community therefore decided to equip the Reinoldi Church with a new, two-part organ system. The new instrument is being built by Orgelbau Mühleisen ( Leonberg ). The prospectus is designed by the Bernhard Hirche architects' office (Hamburg).

Choir organ by Mühleisen (2019)

The new choir organ is currently being built. It should be completed in 2019. The instrument will be located above the southern side entrance, below the rose window. The choir organ will have 11 rows of pipes, which - with the exception of the prospectus register - will be housed in a swell box. The registers will be extremely versatile by means of individual tone controls. The instrument will be playable from a freely movable electronic console.

Main organ by Mühleisen (from 2020)

After the completion of the choir organ, the current main organ will be dismantled and the new instrument with attached console will be built on the organ gallery in the tower room. The instrument should have 53 stops plus 17 extended stops and 5 transmissions on four manual works (main, upper, swell and solo work) and a pedal. It should be playable from the mobile console of the choir organ. Several registers of the Walcker organ from 1958 are to be reused in the new main organ.

Bells

Emperor Bell
Trinity Bell

In front of St. Reinoldi, the former imperial bell reminds of the destruction of the church in World War II. The bell was hit during a bombing raid on Dortmund and placed on the south side of the church after the Second World War.

Today in the bell tower there is a loud bell from the Bochumer Verein foundry from 1954 with a total weight of 15.7 tons. It is the second largest cast steel bell in the world, after that of the collegiate church in Neustadt an der Weinstrasse . The consecration of bells and the associated first ringing took place with a large participation of the population on December 24, 1954 in the Christvesper . The cost of the six steel bells at that time was 90,500 DM. The Trinity Bell is the largest ringable cast steel bell in Westphalia .

No.
 
Surname
 
Diameter
(mm)
Mass
(kg)
Percussive
( HT - 1 / 16 )
inscription
 
1 Trinity Bell 2,535 ≈6,500 f 0 −5 THE GRACE OF OUR LORD JESUS ​​CHRIST AND THE LOVE OF GOD AND THE COMMUNITY OF THE HOLY SPIRIT BE WITH YOU ALL + AMEN +
2 Peace bell 2,088 3,393 as 0 −4 I GIVE YOU MY PEACE
3 Prophet bell 1,895 2,480 b 0 -2.5 THE GLORY OF THE LORD WALKS ON YOU
4th Apostle bell 1,601 1,523 of the 1 −1 KEEP IN MEMORY OF JESUM CHRIST
5 Luther bell 1,425 1,074 it 1 −3 THE RIGHT ONE WILL LIVE HIS FAITH
6th Reinoldus bell 1,263 0.771 f 1 ± 0 LOOK FOR THE BEST IN CITY!

literature

  • E. Bertram-Neunzig: The altarpiece in the St. Reinoldikirche in Dortmund . In: Dortmunder Medieval Research, Vol. 10, Bielefeld 2007, ISBN 3-89534-690-X .
  • Wolfgang Rinke: Dortmund churches of the Middle Ages. Dortmund 1991, ISBN 3-7932-5032-6 .
  • Paul Fiebig: St. Reinoldus in cult, liturgy and art. Contributions to the history of Dortmund and the county of Mark 53. 1956.
  • Thomas Schilp , Beate Weifenbach (ed.): The medieval city and its holy patron. Reinoldus and the Dortmund community. Food 2000.
  • Nils Büttner, Thomas Schilp, Barbara Welzel (Hrsg.): Municipal representation - St. Reinoldi and the town hall as scenes of the Dortmund Middle Ages. Dortmund Research on Art, Culture and History of the Late Middle Ages, Vol. 5. 2005.
  • Thomas Schilp, Barbara Welzel (Hrsg.): Dortmund in the Middle Ages. City-guide. Dortmund medieval research. Bielefeld 2006.
  • Gustav Luntovski, Günther Högl, Thomas Schilp, Norbert Reimann: History of the city of Dortmund. Edited by the Dortmund City Archives. Harenberg, Dortmund 1994, ISBN 3-611-00397-2 .
  • Thomas Schilp: Urban culture in late medieval Dortmund. In: Andreas Zupancic, Thomas Schilp (Hrsg.): The Berswordt master and Dortmund painting around 1400. Urban culture in the late Middle Ages. Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2002, ISBN 3-89534-488-5 .
  • Hans Lindemann (Ed.): St. Reinoldi in Dortmund. For the rededication of the St. Reinoldi Church. Crüwell, Dortmund 1956.
  • Tim Michalak : The foundation of the choir of the Reinoldikirche in Dortmund in the 15th century. In: Thomas Schilp (Ed.): Heaven, Hell, Purgatory. Dortmund 1995, pp. 105-132.
  • Beate Weifenbach (Ed.): Reinold, A Knight for Europe, Protector of the City of Dortmund, Function and Topicality of a Medieval Symbol for Peace and Freedom. 1st International Reinoldustage Dortmund, January 8-12, 2003. Logos, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8325-0421-4 .
  • Wolfgang Sonne, Barbara Welzel (Ed.): St. Reinoldi in Dortmund. Research - Teaching - Participating Athena-Verlag, Oberhausen 2016, ISBN 978-3-89896-657-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Georg Dehio Handbook of German Art Monuments, North Rhine-Westphalia II, Westphalia . 2016, p. 258 ff.
  2. Norbert Reimann: The becoming of the city. In: Gustav Luntovski, Günther Högl, Thomas Schilp, Norbert Reimann: History of the City of Dortmund , p. 64.
  3. ^ Thomas Schilp: The Imperial City, 1250–1802. In: Gustav Luntovski, Günther Högl, Thomas Schilp, Norbert Reimann: History of the City of Dortmund , p. 152.
  4. ^ Thomas Schilp: The Imperial City, 1250–1802. In: Gustav Luntovski, Günther Högl, Thomas Schilp, Norbert Reimann: History of the City of Dortmund , p. 88.
  5. ^ Thomas Schilp: Urban culture in late medieval Dortmund. In: Andreas Zupancic, Thomas Schilp (ed.): The Berswordt Master and the Dortmund Painting around 1400 , pp. 41–43.
  6. Ruhr-Nachrichten on June 5, 2008: Shock for Reinoldi: 3.4 million for the renovation
  7. ^ Ruhr-Nachrichten on September 16, 2008: St. Reinoldi is looking for saviors for renovation
  8. No. A 0082. Extract from the list of monuments of the city of Dortmund. (PDF) (No longer available online.) In: dortmund.de - Das Dortmunder Stadtportal. Monument Authority of the City of Dortmund, October 27, 2008, archived from the original on September 15, 2014 ; Retrieved on March 12, 2011 (size: 87.7 kB). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dortmund.de
  9. ^ Roland in Dortmund
  10. Dortmund Bach Choir
  11. To the disposition
  12. Discussion on the preservation of the current Walcker organ
  13. Information on the new choir organ
  14. Information on the new main organ and its disposition
  15. Dortmund, ev. Stadtkirche St. Reinoldi - Plenum (June 12, 2011) on YouTube .
  16. Dortmund, St. Reinoldi: Dreifaltigkeitsglocke , February 1, 2010 (4:30 am) on YouTube .
  17. Claus Peter: The bells of the Dortmund city churches. Inventory - History - Sources , Dortmund 2010, p. 20.

Web links

Commons : Reinoldikirche (Dortmund)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 51 ° 30 ′ 53.2 ″  N , 7 ° 28 ′ 3.5 ″  E