Stink-deaf

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Stink-deaf
Stink-deaf (Russula foetens)

Stink-deaf ( Russula foetens )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Stink-deaf
Scientific name
Russula foetens
CH Persoon

The stink blubber ( Russula foetens ) is a leaf fungus from the family of the blubber relatives (Russulaceae). The big deaf has a brown-yellow hat that is very slimy and bumpy when it is wet. The strong, disgusting smell is typical of the species and gives it its name. The Latin epithet “ foetens ” also means stinking. The mostly gregarious fruiting bodies appear between July and September in deciduous and coniferous forests. The common Täubling makes hardly any demands on the soil. Although it tastes mild, it is inedible due to its disgusting taste.

features

Macroscopic features

Older fruiting bodies usually have a chambered, hollow stalk, inside the stalk flesh may be reddish brown in color.

The hat is 7–12 (–15) ​​cm wide. In the young mushroom it is spherical, but soon it is curved and at the end spread out flat. The edge is then often bent irregularly. Sometimes the middle can be slightly depressed. The hat color is dull brown with all color gradations from dark ocher-brown to yellow-honey. The hat is relatively thick and firm. In damp weather it is extremely greasy or slimy, in dry weather sticky. It is typical of the mushroom that the edge of the hat is furrowed with distinct bumps. Sometimes the fruit bodies can still be half stuck in the ground when fully ripe.

The lamellae are bulging on the stem. They range in color from a dirty cream to pale yellow. In young fruiting bodies they often water, and in old age they are very rusty. The lamellae are comparatively narrow, about 6-10 mm wide. They are mixed with lamellets as well as forked.

The stem is 5–12 cm high and 2–5 cm wide. It has about the same color as the lamellas, i.e. dirty white to leather-colored, its base is often brown-spotted. In general, the fungus tends to brown when touched. The stem is cylindrical, sometimes bulbous and often deformed. The handle is hard and firm when young, but soon becomes hollow inside.

The flesh is white and firm, but very fragile. It has a sharp and mostly disgusting, bitter-oily taste. The fungus is very hot in the lamellae. The smell is strong and disgusting. The mushroom smells sweet, oily and rancid and sometimes also fishy. The spore powder is whitish to cream-colored ( IIb-c according to Romagnesi ).

Microscopic features

The round to broadly elliptical spores measure 7.5–10.1 - (11.5) × 6.6–9.1 µm. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.0–1.2; The spore ornament consists of isolated, coarse warts that can be indistinctly connected to one another in places. The conical and partially pointed warts can be up to 1.5) µm high. The apiculus measures 1–1.25 × 1–1.25 µm. The hilly spot, which is often indistinct and only vaguely developed, is only weakly amyloid .

The four-pore, club-shaped basidia measure 45–65 × 12–15 µm. The numerous, spindle-shaped cheilocystids have an appendage at their tip or are partially constricted head-like. They measure 30–90 × 5–9 µm, while the similar but not as numerous pleurocystides measure 55–135 × 10–14 µm. All cystides of the hymenium stain clearly with sulfobenzaldehyde reagents .

The top layer of the hat consists of cylindrical, partly wavy and branched, 3–4.5 µm wide hairs, the ends of which are rounded or tapered. The hyphae walls of the hair-like hyphae are gelatinized. In addition, awl-shaped, more rarely also cylindrical, 3.5–7 µm wide pileocystidia are found , some of which can be one or two septate. In sulfobenzaldehyde, they have a gray-black, granular content, but according to Romagnesi they cannot be stained with sulfovanillin . Some hyphae contain a yellow-brown, granular pigment intracellularly.

Species delimitation

The yellowing stink- deaf ( Russula subfoetens ) is very similar . It differs mainly in its occurrence in the deciduous forest and burr-networked spines on the spores .

The almond and morse puffin , both of which smell clearly of bitter almonds, are also similar, but they are usually not quite as big and strong. For a long time, they were only viewed as varieties of the stink-pigeon.

Also closely related are two smaller Deablings, the Camembert Deaf ( Russula amoenolens ) and the Scratching Comb Deaf ( Russula recondita ). In both species the hat is sharp-edged and ridged on the edge like a comb, knuckled. The hat of the Camembert-Täubling is more gray-brown to umber-brown in color. It has a typical cheese-like smell and a sharp taste. The scratchy comb-deaf has a rather yellow-brown hat, a sour, fruity to rubbery smell and tastes almost mild. After chewing the mushroom for a while, you will feel a typical scratchy throat.

ecology

The stink pigeon, like all pigeons, is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiotic partnership with various deciduous or coniferous trees. In addition to the common beech , the spruce is its most important host. But it can also enter into a symbiotic relationship with oaks , hornbeams , birches , firs , ash trees and other deciduous and coniferous trees , albeit much less often .

The Täubling can be found above all beech and mixed beech forests, especially in woodruff beech forests , hornbeam beech forests and beech fir forests, but also in bedstraw-fir forests in or on the edge of mixed precious wood forests, also in oak-hornbeam forests , in more or more less acidic mixed oak forests as well as in corresponding spruce, fir and spruce forests or the corresponding coniferous forests. You can also find it on grassy forest paths, forest edges and in clearings and in parks.

The Täubling likes fresh to moist and medium-sized soils, but it also occurs in moderately dry or alternately dry locations. It is quite pH-tolerant, which means that it tolerates both differently acidic and alkaline soils, which should be weak to moderately rich in nutrients. The stinking deaf can handle almost any type of soil. It grows on brown loam, heavy clayey to sandy or loamy, partly already pad-insulated brown and parabrown soils over lime, marl, loess, sand and various primary rocks.

The fruiting bodies often appear gregarious between July and October with a maximum in August. The mushroom can be found from the lowlands to the higher mountains.

distribution

European countries with proof of finding of the stink pigeon.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The stink deafbling is a Holarctic species that is distributed over almost the entire northern hemisphere. It occurs in North Asia (Asia Minor, Caucasus, Kamchatka , North and South Korea, Mongolia, China and Japan), in Central and North America (Canada, USA, Mexico and Costa Rica), in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria) and Europe . In Europe the species is distributed submeridional to boreal . In the south it occurs from Spain to Romania. In the west it is found in France, the Benelux countries and Great Britain northwards to the Hebrides. In the north it occurs in Fennoscandinavia and Iceland and in the east it penetrates as far as Belarus.

    In Germany the species is common in all federal states. In the north from the Danish border and the North Sea and Baltic Sea islands to the low mountain range threshold, the species occurs only scattered, then to the south it is increasingly common. Finally, it is moderately to regionally widespread south of the Main.

    Systematics

    The stink pigeon is the type of the sub-section Foetentinae , a group of pigeons with brown to gray, heavily furrowed hats and mostly strong, often disgusting smell, which are also phylogenetically closely related.

    use

    Due to its pungent and disgusting taste, the stink deafbling is considered inedible in most countries. In Russia, on the other hand, where the stinking deafness has the exclusive proper name " Waluj " ( Russian Валуй ), like all pungent- tasting species of deafness , it is pickled milk- sour after several days of soaking and eaten without any problems. With this type of preparation, the original unpleasant and sharp taste disappears.

    swell

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 176.
    2. ↑ a b German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 533.
    3. ↑ a b Russula foetens in the PILZOEK database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 19, 2011 .
    4. ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Russula foetens. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved September 12, 2012 .
    5. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula foetens. Retrieved September 12, 2012 .
    6. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev & Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF; 578 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    7. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 292 ( online [accessed August 31, 2011]). online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    8. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula foetens. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved June 13, 2012 .
    9. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula foetens. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015 ; Retrieved August 19, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    10. ↑ Elias Polemis et al .: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 5. (PDF; 330 kB) Basidiomycetes associated with woods dominated by Castanea sativa (Nafpactia Mts., Central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 115 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, p. 16 ff , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
    11. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009.
    12. ↑ Gordana Kasom & Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. (2) , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    13. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Russula foetens. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    14. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Russula foetens. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved September 12, 2012 .
    15. ↑ MW Wischnewskij (М.В. Вишневский): Mushroom picker manual for beginners . АСТ, Moscow 2008, ISBN 978-5-17-052809-7 (Russian: Настольная книга начинающего грибника .).
    16. ↑ Wladimir Solouchin: The third hunt / reflections of a mushroom hunter . 1967 (Russian: Третья охота .).

    Web links

    Commons : Stink-Täubling ( Russula foetens )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files