Syrian juniper
| Syrian juniper | ||||||||||||
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Syrian juniper ( Juniperus drupacea ) |
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| Caryocedrus | ||||||||||||
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| Juniperus drupacea | ||||||||||||
| Labill. |
The Syrian juniper ( Juniperus drupacea ) is a plant that for the genus of juniper from the family belongs to the cypress plants (Cupressaceae). It is mainly found in the eastern Mediterranean region.
description
The Syrian juniper is likely to be the largest species of juniper. It grows with a conical habit and reaches heights of 10 to 20 meters, exceptionally up to 40 meters. The rather thick, elongated, fibrous bark is brown-gray in color. The branches develop spread out or also ascending. The small end branches have a three-sided outline. The bark of the annual twigs is greenish in color and that of the two-year-old twigs has a brown tint. The branches have needle-shaped leaves that are grouped in whorls in threes . The needles have a length of up to 25 millimeters, a width of up to 3.5 or a maximum of 4 millimeters and taper towards the top. The top of the needles by two on both sides of the green central rib extending white Stomatastreifen characterized; the underside is green and occasionally grayish.
The Syrian juniper is dioeciously segregated ( diocesan ). The seed cones are the largest cones of the genus juniper and have a diameter of 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters. They are spherical to egg-shaped, ripen in the second year and are edible.
Occurrence
The Syrian juniper is native to the eastern Mediterranean region. There are more frequent occurrences in the Taurus Mountains in southern Turkey to northern Syria , in Lebanon and reaches areas administered by Israel on the Hermon .
In Europe, the Syrian juniper in the south-eastern Peloponnese (Greece) has an isolated sub-area in the Parnon Mountains , 800 km from the main area, as well as a site in the Taygetos Mountains . Furthermore, this species is given for the Crimean peninsula without further details , but not repeated later.
The Syrian juniper occurs either in small groups or individually in groups with Lebanon cedar ( Cedrus libani ), Cilician fir ( Abies cilicica ), black pine ( Pinus nigra ), smelly juniper ( Juniperus foetidissima ) and Greek juniper ( Juniperus excelsa ). The most favorable altitude for this species is between 600 and 1500 meters above sea level . It also successfully colonizes calcareous locations . A tree in the Turkish province of Kahramanmaraş in the Taurus Mountains is described as the largest specimen of the species and probably also the genus . It is about 40 meters high, measures 1.1 meters in diameter and grows under a group of Lebanon cedars of the same height at 980 meters above sea level.
Juniperus drupacea has been observed as the host plant of Arceuthobium oxycedri .
Systematics
The Syrian juniper ( Juniperus drupacea ) was first described by Jacques Julien Houtou de Labillardière in 1791 . It is the only species in the Caryocedrus Endl section . This section has already been separated as a separate genus Arceuthos Antoine & Kotschy from Juniperus with the only species Arceuthos drupacea (Labill.) Antoine & Kotschy . However, the results of molecular genetic and phytochemical investigations speak in favor of remaining in the genus Juniperus .
use
Syrian juniper is used as a raw material in carpentry , joinery and for heating purposes. The cones are also collected and used as puree rich in vitamins and sugar.
Hazards and protective measures
The Syrian juniper is endangered by the extraction of wood for the wood processing industry and for heating purposes. There is also some threat from grazing ; however, the leaves are very scratchy and unattractive for animal consumption. Although it is listed in its entirety by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) on the Red List of Endangered Species , it is designated as “Least Concern”. However, this assessment was made on the basis of outdated data. A new assessment of the situation on the basis of more recent data is considered necessary.
With the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive No. 92/43 / EEC in the updated version of January 1, 2007 of the European Union (FFH-RL) Appendix 1, protected area designations are required for certain habitat types to which juniper species generally belong. The isolated occurrences in Greece are subject to the provisions of this directive.
swell
- Robert P. Adams: Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus . 2nd Edition. Trafford, Victoria 2008, ISBN 978-1-4251-6879-7 , pp. 177 . , PDF file.
- Christopher J. Earle, MP Frankis: Systematics and description of Juniperus drupacea . In: The Gymnosperm Database. January 22, 2011, accessed January 26, 2011 .
- Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN): Taxon: Juniperus drupacea Labill. In: GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, accessed August 3, 2010 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Juniperus drupacea . In: Wild Flowers of Israel. Retrieved August 2, 2010 .
- ↑ a b Kit Tan, George Sfikas, Gert Vold: Juniperus drupacea (Cupressaceae) in the southern Peloponnese. In: Acta Botanica Fennica. Vol. 162, 1999, pp. 133-135.
- ^ A b c Robert P. Adams: Comparisons of the Leaf-Oils of Juniperus drupacea Labill. from Greece, Turkey and the Crimea . In: Journal of Essential Oil Research . tape 9 , 1997, pp. 541–544 (English, juniperus.org [PDF; 10 kB ]).
- ↑ Robert P. Adams: Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus . 2nd Edition. Trafford, Victoria 2008, ISBN 978-1-4251-6879-7 , pp. 177 . , PDF file. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Jacques Julien Houtou de la Billardière: Icones plantarum Syriae rariorum. Decas secunda. 1791, pp. 14–15, plate 8, PDF file (first description and historical illustration).
- ^ F. Antoine, T. Kotschy: Arceuthos Antoine et Kotschy. In: Österreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt, Volume 4, No. 31, 1854, pp. 249-250, digitized .
- ↑ a b c Juniperus drupacea in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010 .2. Listed by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
- ↑ Muzaffer Selik, Hubert Ziegler: The sugar, protein and vitamin content of the berry cone juice from Juniperus drupacea Labill. ("Andiz Pekmezi") . In: Qualitas Plantarum et Materiae Vegetabiles . tape 17 , no. 4 , p. 265-272 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01100190 .
- ↑ Council Directive 92/43 / EEC of May 21, 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive) in the consolidated version of January 1, 2007 , Annex I, p. 19, In: OJ . L 206, July 22, 1992, p. 7
Web links
- Syrian Juniper ( Memento from January 25, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
- Pictures from the natural site Pictures from the natural site