Türkenschanze (Vienna)
| Turkenschanze | ||
|---|---|---|
| height | 239 m above sea level A. | |
| location | Vienna | |
| Mountains | Vienna Woods | |
| Coordinates | 48 ° 14 '6 " N , 16 ° 20' 5" E | |
|
||
| rock | Flysch | |
| Development | Overbuilt, Türkenschanzpark | |
| Normal way | Max-Emanuel-Strasse | |
| particularities | formerly Hohe Warte, Hohenwarth ; University observatory Vienna | |
The Türkenschanze , formerly also called Hohe Warte or Hohenwarth , is a plateau-like elevation in the 18th district of Währing in Vienna . It is about 80 meters above the level of the Danube and 3–4 km away from it.
The area between Weinhaus and Gersthof is particularly well known today for the Türkenschanz Park . The Vienna University Observatory and the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences are also located on the Türkenschanze.
geography
The Türkenschanze is part of the eastern foothills of the Michaelerberg and geographically belongs to the Vienna Woods . The ridge stretches from the Michaelerberg over the Pötzleinsdorfer Höhe and the Windmühlhöhe to the Türkenschanze. The Türkenschanze consists of sands that were created by its former location in the Tethys . Sand and sandstone was mined at the Türkenschanze for centuries. Numerous deposits of marine life were found in it.
Since the Türkenschanze was originally called Hohe Warte or Hohenwarth , the field names located here also bore the name Hohenwarth. The main train of the Türkenschanze from Pötzleinsdorf to the General Währinger local cemetery (today Währingerpark ) was called Ober-Hohenwarth . The slopes below today's university observatory were named Unter-Hohenwart . Nieder-Hohenwarth was again designated the area against today's belt and to the Nussdorf line.
history
The Türkenschanze was originally called Hohe Warte . It is documented for the first time in a sales contract dated February 25, 1268, when a certain Dietmar Hopfer sold a vineyard in Hohenwart to the Zwettler Abbot Petrolf for 30 pfennigs. However, today's name is first documented in 1649.
An engraving of the topography of Merian , published in Frankfurt and showing Hernals Castle , describes the hill as Türkenschantz . It is possible that provisions or powder magazines were located here during the first Turkish siege of Vienna in 1529, which had been entrenched. The pashas of Scutari and Semendria are also said to have met on the hill during the first Turkish siege . The Second Turkish Siege of Vienna in particular may have contributed to the consolidation of the name Türkenschanze . In 1683 the Turks erected a fortification system that was quickly thrown up to protect the siege ring from the relief army. On September 11th, the Turks set up a redoubt between Weinhaus and Gersthof which, according to the sources, was equipped with six to ten cannons. Only after bitter fighting could the relief army under Charles of Lorraine take the position of the Turks on September 12th. The dismounted Saxon dragoons and the two imperial regiments, who had captured the position around 5 p.m., had benefited from the position of the cannons. These had not been able to reach the dead space below a steep slope. At the end of the 19th century, mass graves of Turkish soldiers were dug at the Türkenschanze. When Tsar Peter I visited the Türkenschanze on June 28, 1698, the Turkish fortifications were still clearly visible. The ring of the entrenchment is said to have been clearly recognizable until around 1880. Even after the Turkish siege, the Türkenschanze served military purposes. Around 1700, the imperial military administration built one large and two small powder magazines, the larger one being a one-story stone structure with loopholes. In the summer of 1802 there was an explosion in one of the Weinhaus magazines, killing some people. The magazines were guarded by the military until 1890, and the large powder tower had to give way to the new building for the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in 1896.
In a hiking guide from the Biedermeier period , the work “ Vienna's Environs for Twenty Hours Around ” by Adolf Schmidl from 1835, the ammunition depot that still existed at that time is described:
- The focus is on massive ammunition buildings, which are surrounded by smaller powder towers. The whole thing is surrounded by a barrier, and numerous sentinels in particular prevent any approach, just as even outside of this room no one is allowed to smoke tobacco in the vicinity. You can't help but get an uncanny feeling here. The desolate hill, lying in eerie silence, is not unlike a dormant volcano in the middle of a blooming landscape! - Further up is the guard house and a tavern.
At the end of the 19th century, the Türkenschanze was largely undeveloped. In addition to the military buildings, there were only two windmills on the Türkenschanze for a short time at the end of the 18th century. In the place of today's inn in the Türkenschanzpark, a private shooting range was also set up.
In 1873 the Viennese Cottage Association began building the first villas on the Türkenschanze. The first Viennese cottage district gradually developed on the border between Währing and Döbling . Construction of the university observatory also began in 1873. The Türkenschanzpark was laid out in 1888, and the main building of the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences opened in 1896 .
Economic use
In 1299, a deed of donation to Lilienfeld Abbey mentions a stone tavern that was once behind the right-hand side of the Gentzgasse , near today's Weinhauserkirche. Until 1708 the quarry was in imperial possession. In 1708 Joseph I gave the quarry to the Brothers of Monte Serrato (Order of the Black Spaniards), but it was often referred to as the imperial quarry even after that. The imperial quarry supplied building material for the fortifications of Vienna for centuries. The sandstone supplied was of very good quality and was also used in the construction of the Karlskirche. A second privately owned quarry also existed at the Türkenschanze. At the end of the 18th century there were also two windmills on the Türkenschanze, but they were removed again after a few years.
Viticulture at the Türkenschanze also made a significant contribution to the income of the Währing population . Numerous names of vineyards, which were often owned by well-known bourgeois families, have survived. The wine not only covered the wine consumption of the Viennese, it was also delivered abroad. In 1671, for example, Leopold I exported wine from Währing and Hernals to the Netherlands , where it was praised for its quality. The Währinger wine certainly came from the slopes of the Türkenschanze, as no wine was grown on the slopes of the Mitterberg .
Individual evidence
- ^ Karl Fenzl: A landscape picture of the 18th district. The landscape and its basis. In: Währing. A home book of the 18th district of Vienna. Vienna 1923, no p.
- ^ Adolf Schmieger: The Turkenschanze. In: Währing. A home book of the 18th district of Vienna. Vienna 1923, p. 165.
- ↑ Schmieger: Türkenschanze. Pp. 164-169.
- ^ Adolf Schmidl: Vienna's surroundings for twenty hours in a circle. Described by Adolf Schmidl after his own hikes. Printed and published by Carl Gerold, Vienna 1835, p. 82.
- ↑ Schmieger: Türkenschanze. P. 171.
- ↑ Schmieger: Türkenschanze , p. 164
- ↑ Schmieger: Türkenschanze , p. 170 f.
- ^ Schmieger: Türkenschanze , p. 166