Fire truck
A tank fire engine (short: TLF , with all-wheel drive also: TLF-A ) is the name for a type of fire fighting vehicle . The essential feature of this type of vehicle is that it is usually equipped with a permanently installed fire pump and a large water tank that allows initial fire fighting over a certain period of time without an external water supply via hydrants or open extinguishing water extraction points. Accordingly, these vehicles are primarily designed and equipped for fire fighting and rescuing people. There are different sizes of this type of vehicle, which differ in terms of their crew, their load, their tank size and their pumping capacity. A special subgroup of the tank fire engines are the large tank fire engines .
Areas of responsibility
With their large water tank and their permanently installed pump connected to the tank, tank fire-fighting vehicles enable a quick initial fire-fighting attack until the fire water supply is ensured via the public hydrant network or other extinguishing water extraction points. As soon as this has been done, they can be used like other fire engines to pump extinguishing water. If there is no extinguishing water extraction point at a deployment site, which occurs for example in the case of forest fires or when deploying on the motorway, tank fire engines can be used in shuttle traffic to bring extinguishing water to the deployment site. You can then either use the water for fire fighting with your own load or supply a fire fighting vehicle with fire water. Furthermore, fire trucks can also be used to transport drinking water. This makes them particularly interesting for civil protection .
Large tank fire engines are characterized by a particularly large supply of extinguishing water, which is often supplemented by a larger supply of foam concentrate . These vehicles usually have a foam-water cannon on the vehicle roof, which enables a particularly massive fire-fighting attack. However, many large tank fire-fighting vehicles operate outside of the usual standards, including airfield fire- fighting vehicles, for example . Since, especially in the case of medium-sized fire brigades, fire trucks are deployed in traffic accidents (especially out of town) to ensure fire protection there, it has become common practice in some places to equip fire trucks with additional loads for technical accident assistance . However, this contradicts the principle of fire trucks and has led to the creation of new regional vehicle types such as the emergency fire truck . The emergency fire fighting group vehicle was therefore introduced nationwide as a new standardized vehicle.
Fire trucks in Germany
Standardized variants
There are currently three sizes of fire trucks that are standardized in Germany:
Fire truck 2000
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Fire truck 2000 |
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| Vehicle data
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 2000 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | FPN 10-1000 |
| Extinguishing water : | regular 2000 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 0 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 6 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 10000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive |
The tank fire engine 2000 (short: TLF 2000 ) is a standardized tank fire engine and is to be regarded as the successor to the tank fire engine 8/18, which has not been standardized since the 1990s .
The vehicle standardized in DIN 14530 fire fighting vehicles - Part 18: Tank fire engine TLF 2000 has a fire fighting centrifugal pump (FPN 10-1000) driven by the vehicle engine. This means that the pump has a nominal flow rate of 1000 l / min at a nominal flow pressure of 10 bar. In addition, the vehicle has a rapid attack device, an extinguishing water tank and a fire-fighting equipment load. A permanently mounted foam / water cannon is optional, as is additional loading for forest fires. With a particularly compact design, the tank may be reduced to 1,800 liters. It does not necessarily have to carry foam concentrate and, due to its maneuverability and the desired off-road capabilities, it is also particularly suitable for vegetation and area fires.
Fire truck 3000
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Fire truck 3000 |
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 3000 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | FPN 10-2000 |
| Extinguishing water : | 3000 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 6 × 20 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 2 × 6 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 14,000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive |
The tank fire engine 3000 (short: TLF 3000 ) is a standardized tank fire engine and replaces the no longer standardized tank fire engine 16/24-Tr .
The vehicle standardized in DIN 14530 Fire fighting vehicles - Part 22: Tank fire engine TLF 3000 has a fire fighting centrifugal pump driven by the vehicle engine, a rapid attack device, an extinguishing water tank and a fire brigade load. A permanently mounted foam / water cannon is optional, as is additional loading for forest fires. With a crew of a troop (0/1/2/ 3 ) is its primary object the provision of a larger amount of water or the transport additional extinguishing water in arid areas, as well as off-road.
4000 tank tender
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4000 tank tender |
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| Vehicle data
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 4000 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | FPN 10-2000 |
| Extinguishing water : | at least 4000 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | at least 500 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 2 × 6 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 18,000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive |
The tank fire engine 4000 (short: TLF 4000 ) is a standardized tank fire engine and replaces the no longer standardized tank fire engines TLF 20/40 and TLF 20/40-SL or is the new name for these vehicles.
The vehicle standardized in DIN 14530 fire fighting vehicles - Part 21: Tank fire engine TLF 4000 has a fire fighting centrifugal pump driven by the vehicle engine, a rapid attack device, an extinguishing water tank and a fire-fighting equipment load. The vehicle is also equipped with a foam compound container and a permanently installed foam water cannon. With the occupation of a troop (0/1/2/ 3 ) it fulfills the tasks of TLF 3000 with the addition of the provision of a greater amount of water and foaming agent as well as special extinguishing agents. A sufficient weight reserve also enables more specific special extinguishing agent systems (e.g. powder extinguishing system, CO 2 extinguishing system) or larger foam compound and / or extinguishing water tanks to be carried. With the appropriate powder container, the vehicle is also called PTLF or, more precisely, PTLF 4000, in Bavaria also known as TLF40P23 for digital radio function assignment . Additional loading for forest fires is optional. The introduction of the digital BOS radio resulted in the renaming of the old vehicle type TLF 20/40 or TLF 20/40-SL , because a uniform and binding designation of vehicles of the fire brigades, the rescue service and disaster control is required.
Variants not or no longer standardized
In addition to the standardized vehicle types, the vehicles according to age, i.e. H. withdrawn, standardization and special developments in individual federal states are still widespread. Unless otherwise stated, the following information relates to the latest version of the standards:
Tank fire engine 8/8
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Tank fire engine 8/8 |
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| Vehicle data
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 8/8 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | 8/8 |
| Portable pump : | 5/2 |
| Extinguishing water : | 800 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 0 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 6 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 5500 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive |
The tank fire engine 8/8 (short: TLF 8/8 ), often also called tank fire truck 8 (Bund) (short: TLF 8 (federal) ), was a previously standardized tank fire truck for civil protection and disaster control.
A 5.5-ton Unimog 404 with all-wheel drive served as the chassis for this vehicle . Due to its sparse load, it was only suitable for fighting fires, especially in the vegetation, as well as for water supply.
The vehicle got its alternative name because it was procured by the Federal Republic of Germany for civil defense and then entrusted to the federal states and thus to the municipal fire brigades.
Fire truck 8/18
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Fire truck 8/18 |
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| Vehicle data
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 8/18 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | 8/8 |
| Extinguishing water : | 1800 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 3 × 20 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 6 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 7500/9000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive optional |
The tank fire engine 8/18 (short: TLF 8/18 ) was a DIN-standardized fire engine until 1991. Between 1970 and 1976, the type was called tank fire engine 8 (TLF 8). With the renaming, among other things, road instead of all-wheel drive was permitted, whereby the water volume carried then had to be 2100 liters. This latter regulation was only valid until August 1987. Similar special regulations had existed in Lower Saxony since 1973.
Also in 1976, the state of Lower Saxony issued a decree for the standardization of the fire truck 8 for fighting forest fires (short: TLF 8 W ). The latter had been developed as a result of the severe forest fires in 1975 and was fixed [until 2002] in the Technical Instructions No. 3 of the State of Lower Saxony. This had four-wheel drive and was specially designed for vegetation fires. There was a hatch in the roof of the driver's cab through which fire-fighting work could be carried out with a rapid attack device while driving. The TLF 8 W had three compressed air breathing apparatus .
In contrast to the TLF 8 W, the DIN 14530-18 standard did not provide for a roof hatch for the TLF 8/18. Otherwise, both vehicle types were almost identical. Both were manned by an independent squad and equipped with a four-part extension ladder on the vehicle roof. The fire brigade load was relatively small, as the vehicles were primarily used for water transport and fire fighting. With a permissible total weight of 7.5 tons, it was the only DIN-standardized fire truck that could also be driven with a class 3 driving license; in the all-wheel drive version, however, it was finally allowed to weigh 9 tons. This preference was given up with the successor to the standard, the TLF 16/24-Tr . Since 2011, however, it has been standardized again in a slightly modified [and heavier] form as the 2000 tank tender.
Fire truck 16/24 with a crew
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16/24 door fire truck |
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 16/24 Tr |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | 16/8 |
| Extinguishing water : | 2400 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 3 × 20 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 6 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 10000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive |
The tank fire engine 16/24 with troop crew was previously standardized in DIN 14530 Part 22 and replaced the smaller predecessor type tank fire engine 8/18 .
As its name already indicated, the TLF 16/24-Tr was operated by an independent squad; the addition to the name primarily served to distinguish it from the TLF 16/25 . Its load was designed primarily for use in the vegetation and included various water-bearing fittings, a chainsaw and heat-protective clothing . For building fires, breathing apparatus and a four-part extension ladder were also carried. The standard for this vehicle was repealed in April 2011 in favor of the TLF 3000 .
Fire truck 16/25
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Fire truck 16/25 |
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 16/25 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/5/ 6 |
| Fire pump : | 16/8 |
| Extinguishing water : | 2500 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 6 × 20 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 6 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 12000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive optional |
The tank fire engine 16/25 (short: TLF 16/25 ) is a German fire engine that has not been standardized since 2005 and was built and used in both West Germany and the GDR . It was also the most widespread fire truck in Germany. The predecessor designation was until 1981 tank fire engine 16 (short: TLF 16 ) with a maximum permissible total weight of 11 tons. It was the only fire fighting vehicle - in accordance with the standard - to be manned by a squadron and could therefore be used as a first attack vehicle in conventional fire operations. However, since most of the fire fighting vehicles have their own water tanks today, this concept has become superfluous, so that the TLF 16/25 was finally replaced by the LF 20/16 (today: LF 20) and, in Hesse, the StLF 20/25 . The tank fire engine 16/25 was an integral part of a fire brigade in many fire departments . The tank fire engine 16/25 had an extinguishing water tank with a capacity of 2500 liters. The term TLF 16/ 25 served 16/24-Tr primarily to distinguish it from TLF.
Its fire-fighting equipment for fire fighting was very similar to that of a fire fighting vehicle and also included two breathing apparatus in the vehicle compartment, which could be put on while driving. The vehicle had a gross vehicle weight of 12 tons and could be obtained with both four-wheel drive and road drive.
Fire truck 16/45
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Fire truck 16/45 |
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 16/45 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | 16/8 |
| Extinguishing water : | 4200-5000 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 6 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 12000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive |
The tank fire engine 16/45 (short: TLF 16/45 ) was a non-standardized large tank fire engine , which was defined in Brandenburg as an interim solution between TLF 16/25 and TLF 24/50 by a technical guideline, partly procured by the state or at least subsidized and still occurs there.
There was a water cannon and a two-part extension ladder on the vehicle roof. Its crew consisted of one squad. The vehicle, which was specially designed for fighting forest fires, was also equipped with a rapid attack device and partly with foam equipment. In order to offer enough space for the large tank (usually 4500 liters or more), the vehicle only had a reduced load for fire fighting and other operations in the vegetation. It was equipped with four-wheel drive and had a gross vehicle weight of 12 tons.
Fire truck forest fire
In view of the increased occurrence of forest fires (e.g. the forest fire at Lübenheen in 2019 ) and the increasing risk from them, the German Fire Brigade Association and the working group of professional fire departments published a specification for a new forest fire TLF in February 2020. This vehicle differs both technically and in terms of operational tactics from the currently standardized and available vehicles, so a crew of four people is provided, for whom breathing air connections are available in the vehicle. A possibility for wetting agent delivery and a self-protection system are also mandatory . The concept of the fire engine is based on the forest fire vehicles procured centrally in France and is intended as a special vehicle.
Under the name there are currently various, non-standardized types that are more likely to be classified as TLF 2000, but more often have larger amounts of water, loads for fighting forest fires and roof hatches that enable fire fighting from the vehicle (see TLF 8/18 and 16 / 45W). The Bundeswehr uses such vehicles on military training areas, where ammunition can cause fires.
Tank fire engine 20/40
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Tank fire engine 20/40 |
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 20/40 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | FPN 10-2000 |
| Extinguishing water : | 4000 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 6 × 20 liters |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 14,000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive |
The tank fire engine 20/40 (short: TLF 20/40 ) was a large tank fire engine and replaced the no longer standardized tank fire engine 24/50 . In the meantime, it has been replaced by the 4000 tank tender itself in the standard .
On the roof of the vehicle there is a combined foam-water projector and a four-part extension ladder. Its loading is specifically designed to combat vegetation fires and includes, among other things, fire slippers and dung hoes . It also has a chainsaw and breathing apparatus . In addition, it can be equipped with a more extensive load to generate extinguishing foam and / or a rapid attack device. This vehicle is basically equipped with all-wheel drive and has a permissible total weight of 14 tons.
Tank fire engine 20/40 special extinguishing agent
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Tank fire engine 20/40 special extinguishing agent |
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 20/40-SL |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | FPN 10-2000 |
| Extinguishing water : | 4000 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 500 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 12 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 18,000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive (recommended) |
The tank fire engine 20/40 special extinguishing agent (short: TLF 20/40-SL ) was a large tank fire engine and replaced the no longer standardized tank fire engine 24/50 as well as other non-standardized large tank fire engines. In the meantime, it has been replaced by the 4000 tank tender itself in the standard .
It has over 12 kg of extinguishing powder and 10 kg of carbon dioxide. The extinguishing water supply is 4000 liters, the pump output is 2000 liters per minute. In addition, the vehicle has a foam compound tank of 500 liters. A foam water cannon is mounted on the roof of the vehicle. Compared to the TLF 20/40, it also has a more extensive load for generating extinguishing foam, which also makes it possible to quickly foam up areas of use if there is a risk of fire due to leaked fuel. The vehicle is designed for the everyday fire fighting tasks of fire brigades and can also be used supra-local to support operations on highways or in forest fires. It therefore does not necessarily have all-wheel drive, although this is recommended. Its characteristic total mass is 16.5 tons, but its maximum permissible mass is 18 tons, so that the user has enough weight reserve for his own adjustments and additional equipment (such as a powder extinguishing system , etc.).
Fire truck 24/50
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Fire truck 24/50 |
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| Abbreviation: | TLF 24/50 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/2/ 3 |
| Fire pump : | 24/8 |
| Extinguishing water : | 4800 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 500 liters |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 17,000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive |
The tank fire engine 24/50 (short: TLF 24/50 ), in some places more correctly referred to as tank fire truck 24/48 (short: TLF 24/48 ), was the largest large tank fire engine that has been standardized to date . It was replaced in the standardization in 2005 by the TLF 20/40-SL . After the TLF 16/25 it was the most widespread fire truck. It had a foam water cannon on the roof with a range of 60 meters. In the rear of the vehicle there was also a rapid attack device with a 30 or 50 meter long hose. Its small loading was designed primarily to support other vehicles and to generate larger quantities of fire-fighting foam. In addition, the vehicle could be equipped with a chainsaw and cut-off machine. Due to its high performance, this vehicle was not only very popular with larger volunteer fire brigades, but was also included in the fleet of almost every professional and many works fire brigades. It was equipped with all-wheel drive and had a gross vehicle weight of 17 tons. An earlier edition of the standard, which was valid from 1978 to 1989, was the maximum permissible weight limited to 16 tons and the water tank was fixed at 5000 liters.
Dry tank fire engine 16
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Dry tank fire engine 16 |
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| Abbreviation: | TroTLF 16 |
| Country: | Germany |
| Crew : | 0/1/5/ 6 |
| Fire pump : | 16/8 |
| Extinguishing water : | 1800 liters |
| Foam concentrate : | 4 × 20 liters |
| Extinguishing powder : | 750 kilograms |
| Rescue kit : | unavailable |
| Perm. Total mass : | 12000 kilograms |
| Drive: | All-wheel drive |
The dry tank fire-fighting vehicle 16 ( TroTLF 16 for short ) was, besides the dry fire-fighting vehicle 750 , the only special fire-fighting vehicle ever standardized in Germany. It was 20 years standardized and 1971-1991 in many works or operation encountered and metropolitan fire departments. Today it is only used occasionally - if it still exists at all - but in many places it has been replaced by non-standard vehicles or the TLF 4000 (with a corresponding additional load of powder extinguishing agent ). A key feature of this vehicle was a container with a capacity of 750 kg of extinguishing powder, which was connected to a powder extinguishing system . With this, the extinguishing powder could be dispensed via two rapid attack hoses with powder pistols. The last vehicle, which weighed up to 12 tons, had a crew of 6 emergency services and was purely geared towards fire fighting.
The concept for such a vehicle was developed in Munich at the beginning of the 1960s , when the need was recognized to be able to provide various extinguishing agents at one deployment site. The earlier alternative names for this type of vehicle were dry-water fire-fighting vehicle (TroWa or TROWA, which is a trademark of Magirus) or dry-powder fire-fighting vehicle. Now that conventional fire engines are usually equipped with various extinguishing agents, the standard could then be withdrawn in 1991 in the course of the simplification of the standard.
Fire trucks in Austria
In Austria , vehicles with a water tank between 500 and 4,000 liters are referred to as tank fire engines if they do not fall into the group of fire trucks due to their additional equipment . From 4,000 liters one speaks of a large tank fire engine (GTLF), but these are often also designed as universal fire engines. Tank fire engines are manned by a team of 1: 6 (tank fire fighting group) or 1: 8 (fire fighting group). On the other hand, fire trucks with a squad (1: 2) are practically no longer built today. Universal fire fighting vehicles (ULF) can be found at fire brigades with large industrial plants in the area of operation as well as at the professional fire brigade Vienna . They dispose of the extinguishing agents water, foam and powder. Larger versions with over 4,000 liters of water are rarer.
The tactical name corresponds to the tank volume by speaking of a TLF 1000 or a TLF 2000 . TLFA 2000/200 would be an example of the tactical designation of a tank fire engine with all-wheel drive and 2,000 l water and 200 l foam compound tank. A ULFA 2000/200/150 also has 150 kg of powder.
The addition TS (e.g. TLF 500 TS) means that a portable pump is also available in the vehicle in addition to the built-in pump .
With additional technical equipment, a tank fire engine becomes a fire fighting vehicle (RLF, crew 1: 8), whereby the fire protection equipment is only slightly reduced - the standard version of the RLFA 2000 is built on chassis, which would also offer space for a 4,000 liter water tank. This free space of 2 m³ between equipment rooms 1 and 2 (immediately behind the crew cabin) is used for additional technical equipment. RLFA 2000 are very widespread throughout Austria due to large procurement campaigns and have often replaced a TLF and a (small) rescue vehicle in many fire departments and thus contributed to a reduction in the vehicle fleet. Fire brigades often equip new fire fighting vehicles with technical equipment, including a frame winch and hydraulic rescue equipment, on the one hand due to the space and weight reserves available through modern body technology, and on the other hand due to various subsidy provisions, and thus receive hidden fire fighting vehicles , which are then suitable for both types of use.
Philatelic
On August 6, 2020, the first day of issue, Deutsche Post AG issued a special postage stamp with a face value of 155 + 55 euro cents in the For the Young series as a surcharge . The brand shows a vehicle of the type TLF W50. The design comes from the graphic artist Thomas Meyer from Berlin.
See also
literature
- Hamilton: Handbook for the Firefighter . Boorberg-Verlag, ISBN 3-415-01705-2
- Wolfgang Jendsch: Modern fire engines from all over the world . Motorbuch Verlag 2009, ISBN 978-3-613-03030-5
- Wolfgang Jendsch: Fire brigades - special vehicles from all over the world . Motorbuch Verlag 2006, ISBN 978-3-613-02601-8
- Wolfgang Jendsch: The fire department today (Chapter 3: Fire department vehicle technology) . Motorbuch Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-613-02942-2
- Lothar Schott, Manfred Ritter: Fire Brigade Basic Course FwDV 2 . 20th edition. Wenzel-Verlag, Marburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-88293-220-1 .
- Josef Schütz: The Red books, Issue 8 - Fire trucks Part I . 11th edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 978-3-17-013954-1 , pp. 28-31 .
- Cimolino, Zawadke: Emergency vehicles for fire and rescue services (types) . Ecomed Security, ISBN 3-609-68667-7
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Fire truck 16 (on museum-digital.de)
- ↑ norm. DIN 14530-18: 2011-04. Title (german): Fire trucks - Part 18: TLF 2000 tank tender (on beuth.de)
- ↑ a b c Standard overview page for a TLF 2000 on din.de
- ↑ at least analogously: norm. DIN 14530-22: 2011-04. Title (german): Fire trucks - Part 22: TLF 3000 tank tender (on beuth.de)
- ↑ a b Standard overview page for a TLF 3000 on din.de
- ↑ a b norm. DIN 14530-21: 2011-04. Title (german): Fire trucks - Part 21: TLF 4000 tank fire engine (on beuth.de)
- ↑ a b c Standard overview page for a TLF 4000 on din.de
- ↑ Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior, for Building and Transport (2014): Guideline for radio call names and operational-tactical addresses (OPTA) of the non-police authorities and organizations with security tasks (npol. BOS) in Bavaria
- ↑ a b c d ( page no longer available , search in web archives: brandwacht 2/2011: Klarheit im BOS-Funk, p. 50f. (On brandwacht.bayern.de) )
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Gihl, Manfred: History of the German fire fighting vehicle construction. Volume 2: From 1940 to today. Kohlhammer.
- ↑ a b Fire truck 8/18 of the Schöndorf volunteer fire brigade
- ↑ Fire truck 16/25 of the Beselich-Obertiefenbach volunteer fire brigade
- ↑ Specification sheet for forest fire fire engines. February 18, 2020, accessed on June 30, 2020 (German).
- ↑ Specification sheet for forest fire fire engines. February 18, 2020, accessed on June 30, 2020 (German).
- ↑ Fire fighting vehicle fighting forest fires. Retrieved June 30, 2020 .
- ↑ Saarlouis fire brigade: TROWA (TroTLF)