Fire fighting vehicles in Austria

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Fire fighting vehicles in Austria are fire fighting vehicles of fire brigades , which are adapted to the diverse Austrian landscape forms with mountains , forests and big cities .

In order to achieve a certain degree of uniformity, building guidelines were created by the individual state fire brigade associations , which represent a minimum of equipment for a vehicle and can be supplemented by the individual fire brigade or the fire brigade association as necessary. These building guidelines only have to be complied with if the fire brigade receives funding from the state fire brigade association for the vehicle. If the vehicle is only financed by the municipality or the fire brigade itself, the guidelines do not necessarily have to be adhered to.

background

A fire engine usually has a lifespan of 20 to 25 years. After this time, it becomes difficult to find replacement parts . This is also the usual time after which a vehicle falls out of the minimum equipment regulation and the fire brigade can purchase a replacement and also receive funding. If the vehicle is withdrawn earlier, the subsidy usually has to be paid back. But this is also different depending on the federal state .

Since the building guidelines and conditions change continuously over the twenty years of their service life, there is still a very colorful picture of designs for the standardized fire fighting vehicles.

The loading of each vehicle is usually divided into minimum equipment and on-demand equipment. The minimum equipment must be carried in a standard vehicle. The equipment required is based on the special requirements of a fire service.

crew

Group vehicle 9 people (1 extinguishing group), example: KLF
Tank group vehicle 7 people (1 tank extinguishing group), example: TLF
Relay vehicle 6 people (1 fire fighting team), example: KLF-W
Troop vehicle 2–3 people (only used for special vehicles), example: SSTF, MZF, VF, WLF

Tactical value and characteristics

The following sections refer to fire fighting vehicles manufactured according to the building guidelines of the Austrian Federal Fire Brigade Association (ÖBFV).

Special type designations

  • If the vehicles have all-wheel drive , they have the letter A after the designation , e.g. B. TLF-A (tank tender with all-wheel drive).
  • A trailing B means that the vehicle is equipped with recovery equipment, e.g. B. LFB (fire truck with recovery equipment). The rescue equipment includes, depending on the federal state, different pieces of mandatory equipment. An LFB can be equipped with a built-in winch, a hydraulic rescue device, or both.
  • Vehicles with a T at the end are specially equipped for use in tunnels , e.g. B. RLF-T (tunnel rescue vehicle). However, this term is not used in all federal states.

Fire trucks

Small fire engine (KLF)
The small fire engine ( KLF) is designed for a fire fighting group of 1: 8 and also has a portable pump (TS). It is the most common vehicle used by the small local fire departments as it is the minimum equipment required by any fire department. A KLF differs from an LF essentially in its maximum permissible total weight of less than 3.5 t and the resulting lower equipment.

The primary task of all fire engines (KLF / LF / SLF with all additional letters) is to carry out fire-fighting attacks and to supply other (tank) fire-fighting vehicles with extinguishing water.

Small fire engine water (KLF-W) or fire engine water (LF-W)
It is a (small) fire engine with a water tank of up to 1200 liters with a built-in pump or TS. Although a team score of 1: 8 is required for a fire fighting group, most KLF-W are relay vehicles with a crew of 1: 5 due to weight and space reasons. With this and the standard tank of 500 l, a weight of 5.5 t can be represented according to the fire service license. This type of vehicle is especially popular with small fire brigades, as they often do not have a "real" fire truck , but can start an initial attack with the water supply.
Portable pump trailer (TSA)
An older, but cheaper form is the combination of a crew transport vehicle with a portable pump trailer ( TSA for short ). Here, the main part of the fire protection equipment is loaded onto a car trailer . Only the crew and small additional equipment are stowed in the vehicle itself. This is a solution for financially weak fire departments. Due to the increasingly difficult implementation of small fire engines on 3.5 ton chassis, small fire engines are increasingly being replaced by alternative vehicle concepts (e.g. team transport vehicle + TSA). In the Burgenland Fire Brigade Association, efforts are now being made to replace the KLF as basic equipment with an MTF + TSA combination.
Fire truck (LF)
It corresponds to the KLF, but has a total weight of more than 3.5 t and can also carry additional equipment. The fire engine can be combined with the additional letters B, i.e. LF-B, for a fire engine with rescue equipment, or W, i.e. LF-W for a fire engine with water. LF-A are primarily used to supply extinguishing water and usually have a removable pump (TS) and larger quantities of hoses.
Heavy fire engine (SLF)
The SLF is the big brother of the LF. An SLF carries a large number of water-bearing fittings and in most federal states is equipped with a water tank of up to around 2000 liters (and subsequently with a built-in pump). SLFs that do not have a water tank usually have a second pump. SLF are mainly to be found in areas with inadequate extinguishing water supplies (many hermit farms, large distances, etc.). Furthermore, this type of fire engine is often used for motorways, but these are equipped with special equipment such as rescue shears and a spreader.
Fire truck (TLF)
The fire truck is manned 1: 6 or 1: 8, depending on the state. There are also a few TLFs with a crew (1: 2). The size of the extinguishing water tank varies between 500 and 5000 liters, but the most common tank sizes are 2000, 3000 and 4000 liters. In addition, most modern TLFs have a foam compound tank with 150 to 400 liters. The vehicle has a built-in pump , which is usually divided into a normal pressure part (~ 10 bar output pressure) and a high pressure part (~ 40 bar output pressure). However, since more and more fire brigades are pursuing the tactics of attacking the interior using a hollow jet pipe, the high-pressure part is occasionally dispensed with in new vehicles. Most modern vehicles also have a built-in foam proportioning system. For a quick attack, a quick attack reel with a dimensionally stable hose is usually installed. In some federal states, the rapid attack is also mandatory equipment. In most federal states, a water cannon is also mounted on the vehicle roof. If this cannot be removed (e.g. remote-controlled monitors on tunnel vehicles), a mobile monitor must also be carried in most federal states.

The task of the vehicle is to extinguish fire in the event of fire and to ensure fire protection in the event of traffic accidents. Accordingly, TLFs are equipped with fire fighting equipment.

Large fire truck (GTLF)
Large tank fire engine of the FF Wiener Neudorf

Like the SLF in the LF, the GTLF is the large version of the TLF. GTLFs are the largest vehicles available to municipal fire brigades and are not infrequently built on 4-axle chassis. GTLFs have water tanks from 8000 to 14000 liters and are equipped with powerful built-in pumps with liter outputs of up to 6000 l / min. In addition, GTLFs usually carry relatively large amounts of foam concentrate (> 500 liters) and are often equipped with powder extinguishing systems (up to 750 kg). GTLFs are special vehicles and are only used specifically at support points. Since the primary task of the GTLF is not the attack, but the water supply, the vehicle usually only offers space for one squad (1: 2).

Emergency vehicle (HLF)
The emergency vehicle (HLF) is a vehicle type introduced in Lower Austria in 2011 and shortly thereafter in Styria, which can handle different tasks in different versions. In Lower Austria there are 4 types from HLF 1 to HLF 4, which correspond to the various current types from KLF to GTLF. In Styria there are five types (HLF to HLF 4), whereby the two middle types can also have the additional designation LB (fire fighting and recovery equipment).
Universal fire engine (ULF)
The ULF is a special form of the TLF and usually has a smaller water tank. The space gained is taken up by unusually large foam compound tanks (~ 1000 liters) and powder extinguishing systems up to 750 kg.

The vehicle is used by fire brigades with companies with a corresponding hazard potential in the mandatory area. There are also isolated ULFs the size of a GTLF. However, these are usually only used by company fire departments and have no tactical designation of their own.

Airport fire engine, runway fire engine (FLF, LLF)
FLF - Graz-Thalerhof

Airport fire engines are special vehicles which, due to the high risk potential (kerosene, large crowds, ...) have to meet strict international standards (extreme acceleration values, pump & roll operation; Note: = discharge of water while driving; small turning circles, amount of extinguishing agent X in time Y deployed from alert, ...) The standard that an airport fire brigade falls into depends on the type and size of the aircraft that fly to the airport. The Austrian manufacturer Rosenbauer is known for its FLF , whose latest FLF, the Panther CA7, carries 16800 liters of water, 2200 liters of foam concentrate and 225 kg of powder. The pump has a liter output of 10,000 l / min at 10 bar, the two remote-controlled monitors provide 6500 and 2500 l / min. The vehicle is 3 m wide and has an output of 1250 hp, with which the 52 tons total weight can be accelerated from 0 to 80 km / h in less than 25 seconds. The maximum speed is 135 km / h. Although the cabin is designed for a crew of 1: 5, the Panther is operated by only 2 men in an emergency. This vehicle thus meets the standards for airports that are served by the new Airbus A380 .

Rescue vehicles

Small equipment vehicle (KRF, KRF-B, VRF, KRF-S, KRF-E)
A small rescue vehicle is a rescue vehicle with a max. maximum permissible total weight of 3.5 t and serves as a vehicle for all kinds of technical operations. There are also numerous sub-types of small equipment vehicles, such as the KRF-B (small equipment vehicle with recovery equipment). This is then equipped with a hydraulic rescue device and is often used as a vehicle in front of serious traffic accidents. Fire brigades, which according to the alarm plan have a motorway in their area of ​​operation, usually also have a so-called pre-equipment vehicle (VRF) or KRF-S (small equipment vehicle - depending on the federal state, road or special equipment ), which is particularly suitable for quick rescues on roads, highways, from tunnels and underground garages. The equipment usually includes minimal KRF equipment, but hydraulic rescue equipment, breathing apparatus for exploration and often a high pressure extinguishing system or a pulse extinguishing device or a so-called poly extinguishing system for quickly setting up the necessary fire protection or for extinguishing vehicle fires .
Rescue vehicle (RF)
The rescue vehicle is mainly equipped for technical use, so it carries hydraulic rescue equipment and an emergency power generator .
Heavy rescue vehicle (SRF)
This has roughly the same equipment as an RF, but also has a loading crane or towing goggles for motor vehicles , and in some SRF you can also find full protection and chemical protection suits for hazardous goods accidents.
Rescue vehicle (RLF)
The fire fighting vehicle is one of the most widespread vehicles of a larger design today, as it is a combination of TLF and RF. The hydraulic rescue kit and a cable winch mounted on the vehicle frame (pulling force usually 50 kN) are usually added to the almost completely taken over equipment of a tank fire engine . With an RLF, a fire brigade is in a position to take all the necessary technical measures in the event of a traffic accident and also to ensure the necessary fire protection in the event of a traffic accident. These vehicles are also available in a larger version - the so-called RLF-T (fire fighting vehicle tunnel), which are equipped with a special interior ventilation system and a self-protection system.
The FF Vösendorf operates a combination of a TLF4000 and an SRF as a single item under the identification SRF-S (Heavy Armored Vehicle Special).
The crew usually consists of 1: 8, but can also consist of a tank extinguishing group (1: 6).
Emergency fire engine (HLF)
HLF on Volvo - Central Guard in Graz

As a successor to the RLF, a special type was developed by the Graz professional fire brigade in 1984, which corresponds to the RLF. The vehicle was given the designation Hilfeleistungslöschfahrzeug (HLF). Together with the Rosenbauer company , the first fire truck with a module for technical assistance (cutter, spreader, generator) behind the crew cabin (6 people) was developed on the Steyr 791. There are now two successor generations. The Vienna fire brigade has also been using vehicles of this type since 2011. Voluntary fire brigades that took over used vehicles of this type, however, refer to them again as TLF. The Graz fire brigade currently uses versions with 3000 l water, 300 l foam, a centrifugal pump with an output of 2400 l / min at 8 bar and a water cannon. This type is equipped with a three-part extension ladder 14 m, generator set 5 KVA, rescue shears and light mast.

other vehicles

Personnel Transport Vehicle (MTF)
The MTF is a vehicle (minibus etc.) designed primarily for personnel transport, which is accordingly highly occupied (up to 1: 8), but the equipment is minimalist (traffic cones, lamps, fire extinguishers, mostly special alarm plans and hazard documents from local companies).

Many fire brigades also use their personnel transport vehicles as a command vehicle during major events.

Command vehicle (KDOF) / command vehicle (ELF)
The command vehicle contains the guidance means (such as cards, PC, radio table, etc.) and means of communication that are necessary for leading larger operations.
Commander's Vehicle (KDTF)
The KDTF is a normal car that is intended for business trips by the fire brigade commander, but is often also used for business trips by other fire brigade members.
Motorcycle (KRAD)
The motorbike is a normal motorcycle, quad bike or even a moped, which is used for detection tasks, advance work or passenger transport, but also for the fire service patrol.
Supply vehicle (VF)
Is a normal transport vehicle, either with a platform body, tail lift or trough for the most diverse transport tasks, e.g. B. crashed vehicles, sandbags or contaminated, excavated soil.
Cargo vehicle (VF, LAST, TF)
Like the supply vehicle, it is a pure transport vehicle. According to the radio regulations, every VF has the radio name Last.
Multipurpose vehicle (MZF)
This is an umbrella term for various vehicles and mixed types that cannot otherwise be assigned (to the equipment standards), usually smaller chassis, such as off-road vehicles or box vans with fixed loads. They are procured as a supplement for personnel and material transport or for tactical reasons and also arise from the conversion of used standard vehicles.
Mountain fire truck (BLF)
It is a KLF-A that is built on an extremely off-road chassis . It often has a lighter portable fire pump (TS 6/6, PFPN10-750) that can also be used in the mountains. This type is rarely found nowadays, mostly on off-road vehicle chassis with a crew of 4-5P.
At the professional fire brigade in Vienna, the designation BLF applies to a mountain fire-fighting vehicle, the outdated spelling for fire fighting vehicle. The BLF, which were put into service in autumn 2008, are known as the "Off-Road Fire Truck" (GLF).
Swap bodies (WLF, WLA, WLK)
The swap body is the most versatile vehicle in the fire service, as the superstructures (depending on availability) can be changed using the multilift system to suit the purpose. Often these swap bodies are also equipped with a loading crane.
A wide variety of containers can be loaded for this purpose:
  • Supply container (kitchen) for large-scale operations
  • Crew accommodation for large-scale operations
  • Decontamination container
  • Hazardous substances / pollutant containers
  • Control center
  • Tube-
  • Foaming agent
  • Respiratory protection
  • Medical
  • Water service
  • Flight service
  • Setup and Pölzholzcontainer
  • Tank bodies
  • Trough or flatbed construction

Base vehicles

The special vehicles listed here are only stationed at certain fire departments. In most federal states, such special vehicles are stationed at so-called base fire brigades. So there are z. B. in Lower Austria seven large crane vehicles, each of which is assigned a specific area of ​​operation.

Crane vehicle (KF)
There are crane vehicles with a low load capacity of up to 50 t for accidents with heavy trucks . Most of the additional equipment required when using a crane is carried in a crane support vehicle, which can also transport additional personnel.
Turntable ladder (DL, DLK)
Turntable ladder in front of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna

The turntable ladder is probably the most famous fire department vehicle, can be found in every child's household as a model car and is also the embodiment of the work of the fire department. There are turntable ladders of smaller types with a lifting height of 16 meters and rapid attack equipment up to large ladders with a length of 30 meters and a lifting height of 23 meters. It is used for rescuing from heights (trees, high-rise buildings), but also for lowering rescue teams. The DL is also very suitable for fighting fires from above. There are versions with or without a carrying basket. Usually there is a pre-installed pipe system to which a jet pipe can be attached and attacked immediately without having to lay hoses up.

Breathing apparatus (ASF, ATF, ALF)
It is primarily used to refill used breathing air cylinders in the event of major events or deployments of dangerous goods.

As a rule, the crew of this vehicle sets up the respiratory protection assembly point (ASSP) and coordinates and supplies the respiratory protection troops.

Elevator (TMB, Steig, TLK, GB)
While articulated platforms used to be used here and there, telescopic mast platforms are now almost exclusively procured. Advantages of the risers are, on the one hand, the significantly lower acquisition or maintenance costs, and on the other hand, structural advantages, such as B. Much higher performance and stability than turntable ladders.
Most of the lift platforms have a rescue height of 30 meters (comparable to a DLK 23-12), but there are also a few vehicles with rescue heights of 42. The largest climbers in Austria are owned by the BF Vienna , the BF Graz and the FF St. Pölten Stadt . These three vehicles have a nominal rescue height of 54 m.
Hazardous vehicles (SSTF, SSF, GSF, GGF, KÖF, KSF)
Decorative container of the FF St. Pölten of the Lower Austrian Fire Brigade Association

The hazardous substances vehicles (SSF), hazardous substances vehicles (GSF) or hazardous goods vehicles (GGF) are mainly used in chemical accidents . You have the necessary tools that are resistant to acids or alkalis . They also have protective suits of the various protection levels on board and are therefore also called body protection vehicles (KÖF, KSF).
In the event of the use of pollutants, decoration vehicles are often also included to set up a decoration area.

Oil (emergency) vehicle, (ÖF, OEF)
The oil vehicle is intended to bind leaking mineral oil. It has various Ex-protected transfer pumps, special tools for sealing tank trucks, etc. In addition, it carries a very large number of different oil binding agents in order to bind larger oil leaks independently. Usually an oil barrier trailer for bodies of water is also provided in connection with the oil vehicle.
Tunnel fire engine (RLF-T)
These are again equipped differently for events in road tunnels or rail tunnels. For railway tunnels, you can either drive in on rails yourself (one then speaks of two-way RLF-T , these are, for example, stationed along the western railway line [e.g. FF Amstetten]) or they can be removed from the railway at the tunnel portals provided freight cars can be loaded.
For quick fire fighting or a quick rescue from vehicles, tunnel fire engines are equipped with hydraulic rescue equipment and a pump with water tank. The special equipment also includes breathing apparatus for the entire crew and extra air storage bottles with overflow devices to continue to supply the crew with breathing air without removing the mask. In order to ensure safe progress even in smoke-filled tunnels, a thermal imaging camera and distance sensors are used, which enable driving even in very poor visibility conditions.
Submersible vehicle (TF, TEF, TDF)
Fire service divers usually have their own vehicles with diving equipment. The tactical designation of these vehicles varies in the individual federal states. They are called diving vehicles (TF), diving emergency vehicles (TEF) or diving service vehicles (TDF). In Graz this is a truck with a crew of three. It transports a filling station for diving bottles, a generator and has a wet cell area for the fire service divers to change. There is also a diving trailer with three complete sets of diving equipment. In Linz and Innsbruck it is a van.

Vehicles of the professional fire brigade Vienna

Since professional fire brigades have to cover a far larger spectrum of operations, they often have their own vehicles or use different names. Most of the special vehicles are owned by the Vienna Fire Brigade .

Beekeeping Vehicle (IMF)
Beekeeping vehicle of the professional fire brigade Vienna - The bee is sitting on the blue light

The IMF can be identified by the bee between the blue lights and is used to complete operations in which people feel threatened by bees, wasps, hornets, bumblebees, oak processionary moths or other insects.

Smoke trap inspection vehicle (IRF)
The vehicle is used for all work of the inspection smoke collector. It is equipped with a variety of devices to measure the air quality and to guarantee air pollution control . The field of activity also includes checking chimneys, heating and air conditioning systems .
Town hall vehicle (RHF)
The vehicle is used for TUS alarms (BMA) in buildings of the city of Vienna, in the entire city of Vienna.
Towing truck (ASL)
This vehicle is found twice in the fleet and is used for pulling loads up to 38 tons, recovering and erecting, as well as towing buses, trucks and trailers.
Towing vehicle (ASP)
This variant can be found three times and is used when recovering and towing a maximum of two vehicles, trailers and motorcycles. But it is also suitable for towing rolling trucks.

The equipment includes:

  • Lifting glasses
  • lowerable loading area
  • Winch
  • crane
  • different straps
  • Lifting cross
  • Oil binders, as well
  • Tool
Workshop vehicle (WSF)
These vehicles are not only used to repair defective emergency vehicles on site, but also carry tools so that the brakes can be released in the event of an accident, for example.

Vehicles of the Graz professional fire brigade

The Graz professional fire brigade also has vehicles that are not part of the standard equipment of fire brigades. In addition, the command vehicles are called KDO instead of KDOF, KÖF is not a body protection vehicle, but a small oil emergency vehicle. The standard fire engine since 1984 is the HLF.

  • Height rescue (HÖRG) - A Pinzgauer 716 D 4 × 4 is used to transport the height rescue equipment .
  • Small alarm vehicle (KAF) - The small truck has a loading space with a Cargolift and can transport three people. Various small jobs can be done with it.
  • News vehicle (NF) - In addition to five communications engineers , this small truck also transports a loudspeaker system and tools for communications.
  • Animal Vehicle (TIF) - These pickup trucks are used for animal rescue.
  • Inflatable boat vehicle (SBF) - Used to pull the inflatable boat trailer stationed at Hauptwache Ost for operations in the Mur . Currently this is a Pinzgauer 716 K 4x4.

Vehicles of the professional fire brigade Linz

The Linz professional fire brigade also has special vehicles.

  • Security vehicle (SICHF) - A special feature are two security vehicles with barrier material for road traffic and lighting.
  • Courier vehicle (KUF) - The multi-purpose vehicles are called courier vehicles in Linz.

Vehicles of the Innsbruck professional fire brigade

The Innsbruck professional fire brigade also has special vehicles. In addition, the command vehicles there are also called KDO instead of KDOF.

  • Water rescue vehicle (WAF) - The water rescue vehicle is the emergency vehicle for all water operations in flowing or standing waters.
  • Flight operations control / large-scale operations control vehicle (FLIEGE) - The flight operations control / large-scale operations control vehicle is used for major incidents and in connection with fire- fighting operations by helicopters.

Vehicles of the Salzburg professional fire brigade

The Salzburg professional fire brigade also has some special vehicles.

  • Foam compound vehicle (SMF) - For operations with large liquid fires, there is a vehicle with a 3000 liter foam compound tank and a powder fire extinguisher (PLA).
  • Hose vehicle (SF) - The off-road special vehicle ( Unimog ) transports hose material and a portable pump.
  • Water service vehicle - the special vehicle for water rescue and technical operations at sea also pulls the dinghy trailer.
  • Aid vehicle - the aid vehicle is equipped for animal rescue and technical assistance.

Vehicles of the Klagenfurt professional fire brigade

The Klagenfurt fire brigade has a particularly large number of different names for its vehicles.

The diving vehicle is called TAUCH, its own tank semitrailer ZUG and three transport vehicles of various types (station wagon, small transporter, truck) commercial vehicle (WIF).

  • Multi-purpose vehicle (MZF) - This aid vehicle for technical operations, water damage, animal rescue and small dangerous goods operations is only called MZF.
  • Loudspeaker vehicle (TON) - This van transports a complete loudspeaker system.

Austrian manufacturer of fire fighting vehicles

Motor law

The fire service vehicles have a special position in some areas of the Motor Vehicle Act and the Road Traffic Act:

  • Emergency vehicles are exempt from vehicle tax .
  • Emergency vehicles are exempt from any toll .
  • In the event of an emergency, vehicles in the fire service are entitled to carry and use special signals ( blue light and / or acoustic horn ). As a result, like the police and ambulance, they are not bound by traffic restrictions and traffic bans.
  • The winter tire requirement for trucks does not apply to fire fighting vehicles on which the installation of winter tires is not possible or appropriate due to their design or their predominant purpose. These vehicles do not have to carry snow chains with them, as would apply to other trucks of various classes (see Section 102, Paragraph 8a of the KFG ).

There is a separate firefighting license so that people who only have class C1 driving authorization (trucks with a gross vehicle weight of <7.5 t) are also allowed to drive fire fighting vehicles with a higher total weight . This also entitles the driver to drive a fire brigade truck with an alcohol content of more than 0.1 per mille in the blood or more than 0.05 per mille in the breath.

Fire fighting vehicles do not have a special position with regard to inspections, because they have to be subjected to a safety inspection (" sticker inspection ") just like vehicles from private or commercial owners .

literature

Web links

Commons : Fire engines in Austria  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ TLFA 2000 (Trp) of FF Mariasdorf
  2. ^ Lower Austrian Fire Brigade Equipment Ordinance. ( Memento from April 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), homepage of the association.
  3. ^ Vehicle fleet ( Memento from October 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), homepage of the Graz professional fire brigade
  4. ^ Festschrift 160 Years of the Graz Fire Brigade - Fire trucks.
  5. ↑ Amstetten Volunteer Fire Brigade
  6. ↑ Workshop vehicle (WSF) of the BF Vienna accessed on June 13, 2010.
  7. ↑ Vehicle fleet. Homepage of the professional fire brigade Graz.
  8. ^ Vehicle fleet , homepage of the Linz professional fire brigade
  9. ^ Vehicle fleet ( Memento from August 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), homepage of the Innsbruck professional fire brigade
  10. ^ Vehicles , homepage of the Salzburg professional fire brigade
  11. ^ Vehicles ( Memento from November 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), website of the Klagenfurt professional fire brigade
  12. ↑ JUSLINE GmbH: § 102 KFG (Motor Vehicle Act), obligations of the motor vehicle driver. jusline.at, accessed on November 17, 2016 .
  13. ↑ ADVOKAT management consultancy: § 20 (4) FSG (driving license law), fire brigade driving license - JUSLINE Austria. Retrieved April 29, 2019 .