Tanymastix stagnalis

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Tanymastix stagnalis
Systematics
Sub-stem : Crustaceans (Crustacea)
Class : Gill pods (Branchiopoda)
Order : Gillwort (anostraca)
Family : Tanymastigidae
Genre : Tanymastix
Type : Tanymastix stagnalis
Scientific name
Tanymastix stagnalis
( Linnaeus , 1758)

Tanymastix stagnalis , common in German, like other representatives of the Anostraca, fairy shrimp , is a species of the order Anostraca (gillfoot) thatoccursin temporary water-bearing pools all over Europe.

features

T. stagnalis has paired stalk eyes and 11 paired thoracic extremities called leaf bones or phyllopodia . At the end of the abdomen is a furca with two red cercopods . These are long, thin and bristly. The male genitals are external to the abdomen and consist of a paired, retractable hemipenis. The egg sacs of the females have two spines. The antennae are sex-dimorphic and are pincer-like in the males and suitable for grasping. T. stagnalis can be distinguished from other species of anostraca by the concise shape of the male antennae.

The animals are milky white to greenish in color, the eggs in the female's brood pouch are conspicuously brick-red, these often with a colorful iridescent spot reports about the size of T. stagnalis vary. Specimens 7–9 mm in length have been found in Spain. There are reports from Macedonia, of individuals 8-17 mm in length and in France up to 20 mm in length.

Life cycle

T. stagnalis survives the dry season in dark brown permanent eggs (actually cysts, since they have developed into multicellular stages when they are laid), which have a diameter of 0.40-0.43 mm. The lenticular or disc-shaped, copper-brown eggs are characteristic of the genus Tanymastix. In each Eisack 8-14 eggs are produced, which are laid in open water. The eggs usually float in the water and collect on the banks of the ponds. The eggs hatch nauplii . However, this stage only lasts a few hours. Sexual maturity is reached after 7–40 days. The lifespan of the animals depends on the temperature and the season and ranges from 30 days in summer to over 60 days in winter.

ecology

Like other animals of the order Anostraca, T. stagnalis swims with the ventral side facing upwards, with breathing taking place via the flattened leaf bones (the thoracic phyllopodia ). The species has been described several times as a cold stenothermic type or as a warm stenothermic type and is therefore mostly considered eurythhermal today. T. stagnalis temperature tolerance appears to vary between populations. Different maximum temperature tolerance values ​​were measured, ranging between 16 ° C in some populations, in Irish populations at 20 ° C and in populations in Germany up to 25 ° C. The optimal temperature was reported to be 10–17 ° C or 12–15 ° C. Nauplii were sighted at temperatures of 3–12 ° C.

In Macedonia T. stagnalis lives in small rock stumps with a diameter of 20–60 cm and a water depth of 10–20 cm that contain only a few liters of water. In Spain the distribution is seasonal; in winter T. stagnalis occur in rain pools on the plains, while in summer they only occur in mountainous areas. All pools in which T. stagnalis occurs have an acidic, mineral-poor environment and are located in rock formations in which mud-like deposits form when they dry out.

Like all anostraca, T. stagnalis feeds by filtering the surrounding water. T. stagnalis filters microplankton , microorganisms and other organic materials with its bristly phyllopodia from the water suspension.

T. stagnalis reacts sensitively to changes in light intensity and swims to the bottom of the pond when a shadow is suddenly cast or buries itself in the sediment of the bottom to avoid predators.

Their greatest threat is disturbances in their habitat, especially the introduction of predators such as the fish Lepomis gibbosus and Gambusia affinis .

Occurrence

T. stagnalis is a widespread but rare species in most of its range. The distribution extends from northwest Africa north of the Sahara across almost all of Europe , from Algeria across the Iberian Peninsula , the western Mediterranean, the northern Balkans, and further into southwest Russia in the east and north via Germany , Denmark to Central Scandinavia in the north.

Mediterranean area

In Macedonia T. stagnalis occurs only in ponds in andesite and tuff rock above Stracin ( Страцин ).

In Italy, the species occurs scattered in rock pools on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea , mostly in clear, only a few centimeters deep pools without aquatic vegetation. It was found more rarely in the mountains inland, in the central Apennines and in a body of water in the Alps, here in larger pools with cloudy water. They have been found on the islands of Corsica , Sardinia and Capraia , and quite often on Sardinia.

Northern Europe

The type locality of the species was near Uppsala in Sweden . Today the species is known here from the island of Öland in the Baltic Sea, where it occurs in rocky heaths known as the Alvar and in quarry waters. A more northerly population was found in 1913 at an altitude of 1,100 meters above sea level, upstream from Umgebung in Norway . The population of 1913 is believed to have died out, but this species is known from three other high-altitude villages in the Trollheimen in central Norway. In Denmark, only two older finds from North Jutland are known.

T. stagnalis is the only species of Anostraca that occurs in Ireland and one of only two species in the British Isles (the other species is Chirocephalus diaphanus , which is found only in a few places in southern England). T. stagnalis was first discovered in the Rhasane Turloughs in 1974 and was soon spotted in six other locations in temporary ponds in fields. These short-term ponds represent the typical habitat of T. stagnalis. It is therefore assumed that T. stagnalis came to Ireland from France and Scandinavia via migrating birds or on the legs of ducks, wild birds and waders .

Central Europe

Three sites of the species are known from Austria, of which only the finds near Parndorf im Seewinkel in the last twenty years have been confirmed. There are few finds from Germany, all of which lie in floodpumps in the floodplains of the great rivers. In contrast to other large phyllopods, the species has never been found in puddles at military training areas. There are finds from the Lech Valley in the vicinity of Augsburg , from the middle Elbe Valley , from the Eichener See in Schopfheim-Eichen (Baden-Württemberg) and from the Main .

Taxonomy

Tanymastix stagnalis was founded in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systemae Naturae as Cancer stagnalis described . In 1886 the species was assigned to the genus Tanymastix by Simon . Synonyms are Branchipus braueri Frauenfeld (also called Chirocephalus braueri by other authors ), Tanymastix lacunae Guerin.

The genus Tanymastix includes four species, all of which except T. stagnalis are extremely rare. Tanymastix affinis , from Tangier, Morocco and Tanymastix stellae , from Sardinia, have never been found since the first description, Tanymastix stellae may have become extinct. From Tanymastix motasi there are two localities (in Romania and Macedonia). Another (so far not assigned) species of the genus lives in Kyrgyzstan.

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h A. Thiéry & T. Calvière: Tanymastix stagnalis . In: Mediterranean Temporary Pools. Volume 2: Species information sheets . Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, 2004, ISBN 2-910368-50-5 , pp. 90-92.
  2. ^ A b c d e f M. Alonso: A survey of the Spanish Euphyllopoda . ( PDF ) In: Misc. Zool. . 9, 1985, pp. 179-208.
  3. ↑ a b c d e R. Young: Tanymastix stagnalis (Linn.) In County Galway, new to Britain and Ireland . In: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy , section B: biological, geological, and chemical science . 76, 1976, pp. 369-378.
  4. ↑ Erich Eder, Walter Hödl: Identification aids for recognizing domestic Anostraca, Notostraca and Conchostraca. In: Stapfia. Volume 42, Linz 1996 (also catalogs of the O.Ö. Landesmuseum NF 100), pp. 111-136, PDF on ZOBODAT
  5. ↑ a b Swetozar Petkovski: On the presence of the genus Tanymastix Simon, 1886 (Crustacea: Anostraca) in Macedonia . In: Hydrobiologia . 298, No. 1-3: Studies on Large Branchiopod Biology and Aquaculture II, 1995, pp. 307-313. doi : 10.1007 / BF00033825 .
  6. ↑ a b c d Graziella Mura & Paola Zarattini: Life history adaptation of Tanymastix stagnalis (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) to habitat characteristics . In: Hydrobiologia . 437, 2000, pp. 107-119. doi : 10.1023 / A: 1026534302856 .
  7. ^ Graziella Mura (1999): Current status of the Anostraca of Italy. Hydrobiologia 405: 57-65.
  8. ^ Graziella Mura (2001): Updating Anostraca (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) distribution in Italy. Journal of Limnology 60 (1): 45-49.
  9. ↑ Vezio Cottarelli & Graziella Mura: On some Anostraca (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) from Sardinia . In: Italian Journal of Zoology . 40, No. 3 & 4, 1973, pp. 323-335. doi : 10.1080 / 11250007309429246 .
  10. ↑ Dennis Amnebrink & Carl Tamario: Can stone quarries contribute to preservation of endangered species in ephemeral water bodies? unpubl. Investigation report as part of the "Quarry Life Award" ( download , accessed on April 19, 2016)
  11. ↑ Robert Gurney : Tanymastix stagnalis Linn. and its occurrence in Norway . In: International review of the entire hydrobiology and hydrography . 6, No. S2, 1914, pp. 1-24. doi : 10.1002 / iroh.19140060907 .
  12. ^ A. Langeland: New records of the fairy shrimp Tanymastix stagnalis (Anostraca) in Norway . In: Fauna . 57, No. 2, 2004, pp. 62-66.
  13. ↑ Jakob Damgaard & Jørgen Olesen (1998): Distribution, phenology and status for the larger Branchiopoda (Crustacea: Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata and Laevicaudata) in Denmark. Hydrobiologia 377: 9-13.
  14. ^ Gwendolin Porst: Aquatic Invertebrates in Turloughs ( PDF ) Trinity College, Dublin . September 2006.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.tcd.ie  
  15. ↑ M. Sheehy Skeffington, J. Moran, Á. O Connor, E. Regan, CE Coxon, NE Scorr & M. Gormally: Turloughs - Ireland's unique wetland habitat . In: Biological Conservation . 133, 2006, pp. 265-290. doi : 10.1016 / j.biocon.2006.06.019 .
  16. ↑ a b Erich Eder & Walter Hödl: Die Groß-Branchiopoden Austria (Crustacea: Branchiopoda excl. Cladocera). In Reinhart Schuster (editor): Catalogus Novus Faunae Austriae, No. 1. Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2003. ISBN 3-7001-3216-6
  17. ↑ Eichener See
  18. ↑ Mario Engelmann & Tom Hahn (2004): Occurrence of Lepidurus apus, Triops cancriformis, Eubranchipus (Siphonophanes) grubii, Tanymastix stagnalis and Branchipus schaefferi in Germany and Austria (Crustacea: Notostraca and Anostraca). Faunistic Treatises 25: 3-67.
  19. ↑ Denton Belk & Ján Brtek: Checklist of the Anostraca . In: Hydrobiologia . 298, No. 1-3: Studies on Large Branchiopod Biology and Aquaculture II, 1995, pp. 315-353. doi : 10.1007 / BF00033826 .
  20. ↑ Jan Brtek & Graziella Mura (2000): Revised key to families and genera of Anostraca with notes on their geographic distribution. Crustaceana 73 (9): 1037-1088.

Web links

Encyclopedia of Life 327097
IT IS 624240
NCBI 91564