Trigonella

Trigonella
Shabby clover ( Trigonella caerulea )
Systematics
Eurosiden I Order : Fabales (Fabales) Family : Legumes (Fabaceae) Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae) Tribe : Trifolieae Genre : Trigonella
Scientific name
Trigonella
L.

Trigonella is a genus in the subfamily of Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) within the family of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). The best known are the two species of fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum ) and black spotted clover ( Trigonella caerulea ).

Description and ecology

Illustration of Trigonella balansae

Appearance and leaves

In Trigonella TYPES is annual or perennial herbaceous plants . The mostly well-branched stems are upright to prostrate.

The alternate and spirally arranged leaves on the stem are stalked and usually in three parts. They have serrated to serrated leaflets , with the middle one being usually larger than the lateral ones. The lateral nerves run out into the leaf teeth. The two stipules are fused with the petioles.

Inflorescences and flowers

The inflorescence shafts usually lengthen until the fruit is ripe. The flowers are individually in the leaf axils or in lateral, short racemose or paniculate , heady inflorescences . The bracts are tiny and the bracts are missing. The short, mostly shorter than 5 mm, flower stalks thicken up to fruit ripeness.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five unequal sepals are fused with five more or less unequal calyx teeth. The five white to yellow, or purple to blue petals stand together in the typical shape of the butterfly flower . The obovate to elongated flag is sometimes nailed wide. The two wings are elliptical. The shuttle is blunt and shorter than the wings. There are ten stamens . All stamens are fused with tubes. The single carpel contains many ovules . The stylus is hairless. Pollination occurs by insects ( entomophilia ).

Seeds of fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum graecum )

Fruits and seeds

The linear to elongated, straight, sickle or arch-shaped legume with a net-like surface is pointed at both ends and contains one to many seeds. The seeds are warty or spotted. The distribution unit ( diaspore ) is depending on the type of the seed or the fruit.

Systematics and distribution

The generic name Trigonella was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, pp. 776-778. Type species is Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Synonyms for Trigonella L. are: Folliculigera Pasq. , Melilotoides Heist. ex Fabr. , Melisitus Medik. , Melissitus medic. orth. var., Pocockia Ser. ex DC. The botanical genus name Trigonella is derived from the Greek words tri for three and gonia for corner angle and is intended to refer to the fact that the flower looks three-leaved due to its structure.

The genus Trigonella belongs to the tribe Trifolieae in the subfamily of the Faboideae within the family of the Fabaceae .

The genus Trigonella is common in the Mediterranean region , Africa, Eurasia and Oceania .

Illustration of fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum )

Illustration of the Lower Black Clover ( Trigonella procumbens )

There are 55 to 70 species of Trigonella :

• Trigonella adscendens (Nevski) Afan. & Gontsch. : It is common from Afghanistan to Central Asia.
• Trigonella afghanica Vassilcz. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella anguina Delile : It is common in North Africa , the Middle East , West Asia and the Arabian Peninsula .
• Trigonella aphanoneura Rech.f. : It only occurs in Iran .
• Trigonella arabica Delile : It occurs in Egypt , on the Sinai Peninsula and from Israel to Syria .
• Trigonella aristata (Vassilcz.) Soyak : It is common in Central Asia.
• Trigonella astroides fish. & CAMey. : The homeland is Azerbaijan , Armenia and Turkmenistan .
• Trigonella badachschanica Afan. : The homeland is Afghanistan and Tajikistan .
• Trigonella balachowskyi Leredde : It occurs only in Algeria .
• Trigonella berythea Boiss. & CIBlanche : It only occurs in Egypt.
• Trigonella bicolor (Boiss. & Balansa) Lassen : It occurs in Turkey.
• Trigonella cachemiriana Cambess. : It occurs in Pakistan, India and China .
• Trigonella caelesyriaca Boiss. : It occurs from Turkey to Israel, Iraq and Iran.
• Schabzigerklee , bread clover ( Trigonella caerulea (L.) Ser. , Syn .: Melilotus coerulea (L.) Desr. , Melilotus coeruleus (L.) Desr. , Trifolium caerulea L. , Trifolium caeruleum L. , Trigonella coerulea (Desr.) Ser. , Trigonella melilotus-coerulea (L.) Asch. & Graebn. , Trigonella melilotus-coeruleus (L.) Asch. & Graebn. ): It is widespread in the northern hemisphere in Eurasia and North America .
• Trigonella calliceras fish. : It is common in Russia , Georgia , Azerbaijan, Armenia , Iran and Turkmenistan.
• Trigonella capitata Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran.
• Trigonella cariensis Boiss. : It occurs in Greece, on islands in the Aegean Sea, on Cyprus and in Turkey.
• Trigonella cedretorum Vassilcz. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella coerulescens (M.Bieb.) Halácsy : It is distributed from Eastern and Southeastern Europe , across the Middle East, to Libya, as well as Iran and Turkmenistan.
• Trigonella corniculata (L.) L .: There have been three subspecies since 2011:
  • Balansas fenugreek ( Trigonella corniculata subsp. Balansae (Boiss. & Reut.) Lassen , Syn .: Trigonella balansae Boiss. & Reut. ): This new combination took place in 2011. It occurs in southern Greece , Crete , Cyprus and Turkey .
  • Trigonella corniculata subsp. rechingeri (Širj.) Lassen , syn .: Trigonella rechingeri Širj. : This new combination took place in 2011. It occurs in Greece, Crete and on islands in the Aegean Sea.
• Trigonella cretica (L.) Boiss. (Syn .: Melilotus creticus (L.) Desr .; Trifolium creticum L. ): It occurs in Turkey and in the Aegean Sea.
• Trigonella cylindracea Desv. : The homeland is Saudi Arabia , Israel, Syria and Iran.
• Trigonella dasycarpa (Ser.) Vassilcz. : It occurs in Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.
• Trigonella edelbergii (Širj. & Rech.f.) Rech.f. : The home is Afghanistan.
• Trigonella elliptica Boiss. : The homeland is Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan.
• Trigonella emodi Benth. : It occurs from Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan to China.
• Trigonella esculenta Willd. (Syn .: Trigonella corniculata auct.): The homeland is southern Europe, the Aegean Sea, Turkey and Algeria.
• Trigonella falcata Balf.f. : This endemic occurs only on Socotra .
• Trigonella filipes Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey and Syria to Israel, Iraq and Iran.
• Trigonella fimbriata Benth. : It occurs in Pakistan, India, Nepal and China.
• Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L. , Syn .: Trigonella tibetana (Alef.) Vassilcz. ): The home is Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, but the species is found in many other countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and North America as far as the Fiji Islands dragged forward.
• Trigonella freitagii Vassilcz. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella geminiflora Bunge : It occurs from Kazakhstan and Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan to Mongolia.
• Trigonella gharuensis Rech.f. : The home is Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• Trigonella glabra Thunb. : The homeland is Egypt, Sudan, the Sinai Peninsula and Israel to Syria. In addition, it also occurs before.
• Trigonella gladiata M.Bieb. : It is widespread from Southern and Southeastern Europe to North Africa, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Russia and Azerbaijan.
• Trigonella gontscharovii Vassilcz. : The homeland is Tajikistan.
• Trigonella gracilis Benth. : The homeland is Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Nepal.
• Trigonella graeca (Boiss. & Spruner) Boiss. (Syn .: Melilotus graecus (Boiss. & Spruner) Lassen ): The home is Greece and Crete.
• Trigonella grandiflora Bunge : It is common in Russia, Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
• Trigonella griffithii Boiss. : The homeland is Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
• Trigonella heratensis Rech.f. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella ionantha Rech.f. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella iskanderi Vassilcz. : It only occurs in Tajikistan.
• Trigonella kafirniganica Vassilcz. : The homeland is Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
• Trigonella koeiei Širj. & Rech.f. : The home is Afghanistan.
• Trigonella korovinii Vassilcz. : The home is Turkmenistan.
• Trigonella kotschyi Benth. : It occurs in Turkey and Iran.
• Trigonella laciniata L .: It occurs in Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Zambia and was introduced into Algeria.
• Trigonella latialata (Bornm.) Vassilcz. : The home is Iran.
• Trigonella laxiflora Aitch. & Baker : The home is Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.
• Trigonella laxissima Vassilcz. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella lilacina Boiss. : It occurs from Israel to Syria and was also introduced to Sicily.
• Trigonella linczevskii Vassilcz. : The homeland is Tajikistan.
• Trigonella lipskyi Širj. : The homeland is Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
• Trigonella lunata Boiss. : The homeland is Turkey, Syria, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran.
• Trigonella macroglochin Durieu : Home is Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran.
• Trigonella marco-poloi Vassilcz. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella maritima Poir. : It occurs in Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, on the Sinai peninsula and in Palestine.
• Trigonella media Delile : It occurs only in Egypt.
• Trigonella obcordata Benth. : The homeland is India and Pakistan.
• Trigonella occulta Ser. : The homeland is India, Pakistan, Egypt and Sudan.
• Trigonella pamirica Boriss. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
• Trigonella podlechii Vassilcz. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella podperae (Širj.) Vassilcz. : The homeland is India and Pakistan.
• Trigonella popovii Korovin (also referred to by some authors as Medicago popovii (Korovin) Širj. To Medicago ): It occurs in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
• Lying down black goat clover , lying fenugreek ( Trigonella procumbens (Besser) Rchb. , Syn .: Melilotus procumbens Besser , Trigonella betterana Ser. , Trigonella betteriana Ser. , Trigonella caerulea (L.) Ser. Subsp. Procumbens (Besser) Thell. , Trigonella caerulea (L.) Ser. Subsp. Procumbens (Besser) Vassilcz. ): It occurs in Southern Europe, Southeastern Europe and Central Europe, in addition in Turkey to Syria, in Russia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
• Trigonella pycnotricha Rech.f. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella ramosissima Meffert : It occurs only in Turkmenistan. (Type is unclear)
• Trigonella rotundifolia (Sm.) Strid , Syn .: Trifolium otundifolium Sm .: This new combination took place in 2011. It occurs sporadically in Greece and widespread in Anatolia .
• Trigonella salangensis Vassilcz. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella schischkinii Vassilcz. : It occurs in Russia Far East.
• Trigonella siunica Vassilcz. : It only occurs in Tajikistan.
• Trigonella smyrnaea Boiss. : The home is Turkey.
• Trigonella smyrnea Boiss. : This endemic occurs only in the Crimea .
• Trigonella spicata Sm . : It occurs in Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Crimea, in Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq and Iran, in Cyprus, in the Aegean Sea and from Israel to Syria and Lebanon.
• Trigonella spinosa L .: The home is Turkey, the Aegean, Crete, Cyprus and Israel to Syria.
• Trigonella teheranica (Bornm.) Grossh. : It only occurs in Iran.
• Trigonella tianschanica Vassilcz. : The home is Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
• Trigonella turkmena Popov : The homeland is Turkmenistan and Iran.
• Trigonella uncinata Banks & Sol. : The homeland is Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran.
• Trigonella velutina Boiss. : The home is Greece and Turkey to Syria and Lebanon.
• Trigonella verae Sirj. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
• Trigonella xeromorpha Rech.f. : It only occurs in Afghanistan.
• Trigonella zaprjagaevii Afan. & Gontsch. : The homeland is Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

No longer counted in this genus:

• Trigonella monspeliaca L. → Medicago monspeliaca (L.) Trautv.

swell

• Syed Irtifaq Ali: Papilionaceae. : Trigonella at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Zhi Wei & Michael A. Vincent: Trifolieae. : Trigonella , p. 557 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 10: Fabaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
• Leslie Watson, 2008: Entry in the Western Australian Flora . (Section description)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 2, 1753, pp. 776-778 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
2. ^ Trigonella at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 18, 2015.
3. ^ ^{A b} Trigonella in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg} Enter the generic name in the search mask at ILDIS = International Legume Database & Information Service - LegumeWeb from World Database of Legumes , version 10.01. dated November 2005.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d} Per Lassen in Werner Greuter, Thomas Raus: Med-Checklist Notulae, 30. In: Willdenowia , Volume 41, Issue 2, 2011, p. 318. doi : 10.3372 / wi.41.41213

Web links

Commons : Trigonella  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Illustration of Trigonella species in the Flora of China .
• Search for "Trigonella" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap