Meadow gold oats

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Meadow gold oats
Meadow golden oat (Trisetum flavescens)

Meadow golden oat ( Trisetum flavescens )

Systematics
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily : Pooideae
Genre : Trisetum
Type : Meadow gold oats
Scientific name
Trisetum flavescens
( L. ) P.Beauv.

The meadow gold oat ( Trisetum flavescens ) is a type of plant belonging to the genus gold oats ( Trisetum ) within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). It occurs naturally in large parts of Europe as well as in the Caucasus region .

Other common German-language names that have been documented for the plant species are Gold-Grannenhafer or Goldhafer under the generic name Grannenhafer , as well as the name Goldhafergras for the Bern region .

description

Meadow gold oats form loose clumps
Stem with leaf sheath and ligule
Hairy foliage top
Section of the panicle with spikelets
Spikelets with husk (Glu), cover (Lem) and palea (Pal)
Lemma with long awn and two awn tips on top

The meadow golden oat is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 20 to 80 (rarely up to 100) centimeters. It forms loose clumps . The upright to ascending, yellow-green stalks have two to five nodes.

The alternate leaves arranged on the stalks are divided into leaf sheath and leaf blade. The leaf sheath is hairy. The very short ligule has a finely toothed edge. The simple leaf blade is 3.5 to 12 inches long and 2 to 5 millimeters wide.

The multi-flowered, up to 20 centimeters long, paniculate inflorescence has a characteristic golden yellow color. During the flowering period from May to June, the panicle branches are spread out, later they are drawn together. The mostly three-flowered, 5 to 7 millimeters long spikelets are compressed and the glumes keeled. The membranous lemma is divided into two at the tip and has a kneeled awn . The three stamens are 1.3 to 2.5 (rarely up to 2.8) mm long.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 12, 24 or 28.

ecology

The meadow gold oat is a hemicryptophyte that forms loose clumps and has numerous renewal buds on short, above-ground creeping shoots. The vegetative reproduction takes place through short, above or below ground runners .

The spikelets turn golden yellow to maturity.

The meadow gold oat is a cultural follower . The caryopses surrounded by their husks are spread by the wind or by animals. Fruit ripening is from July to October. The caryopses are light germs .

Occurrence and use of grassland

The meadow gold oat occurs in large parts of Europe as far as Siberia and the Himalayas. It is also native to northwest Africa and the Azores. Occasionally it is a neophyte in North America and New Zealand .

It can be found on seep-fresh to moderately dry, nutrient-rich and alkaline-rich, moderately acidic to mild, humus-rich, medium to deep, loose clay or loam soils in humid climates. It particularly thrives in the mountains and hills. In the Alps it can be found at altitudes of up to 2,400 meters. Its main distribution area is in Fettwiesen (Arrhenatheretalia Pawl. 1928). At an altitude of 400 to 900 meters in cool, damp areas, it becomes the character species of the plant community of the mountain fat meadows (Polygono-Trisetion) or golden oat meadows (Trisetetum flavescentis). These are common in the Alps and the German low mountain ranges.

The golden oat is considered to be valuable forage grass (feed value number 7), which was cultivated in areas where it was not originally found. Its rich calcitriol content can cause calcinosis if the animals are fed too much . This effect remains active in dry forage.

Systematics

With 2n = 36, Trisetum flavescens has an unusual number of chromosomes within the tribe Aveneae, where the basic chromosome number is x = 7. The tribe Aveneae belongs to the subfamily of the Pooideae within the sweet grass family (Poaceae).

The first publication was in 1753 by Carl von Linné under the name (Basionym) Avena flavescens in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 80. The new combination to Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv. was published in 1812 by Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois in Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 88, p. 153. Other synonyms for Trisetum flavescens ( L. ) P.Beauv. are: Avena sikkimensis Hook. f. , Rebentischia flavescens Opiz , Trisetaria flavescens (L.) Baumg. , Trisetaria flavescens (L.) Maire , Trisetum flavescens subsp. pratense (pers.) Asch. & Graebn. , Trisetum pratense Pers. .

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

  • Common meadow gold oats ( Trisetum flavescens subsp. Flavescens ). In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in Vorarlberg on the Hochtannberg Pass up to 1670 meters above sea level.
  • Purple meadow gold oats ( Trisetum flavescens subsp. Purpurascens (DC.) Arcang. ). It differs from the nominate form in that leaves are wider on average (5 to 10 millimeters) and a reddish panicle. The occurrence is limited to stony grass slopes of the high mountains. She likes to appear in societies of the order Seslerietalia. In the Allgäu Alps in Bavaria, it rises to the Rappenköpf south of Einödsbach up to 2260 meters above sea level.
  • Trisetum flavescens subsp. griseovirens (H.Lindb.) Dobignard : It occurs in the Atlas Mountains in Morocco.

No longer belongs to Trisetum flavescens : Trisetum flavescens subsp. alpestre (host) Ash. & Graebn. , the Alpine gold oat → today Trisetum alpestre (host) P.Beauv.

literature

  • Mogens Skytte Christiansen: grasses. Sweet grasses, sour grasses and rushes (BLV determination book), 4th edition, Munich, Vienna, BLV 1993, ISBN 3-405-13615-6
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 5th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1983, ISBN 3-8001-3429-2 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Werner Rothmaler (founder), Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Volume 4, Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . 9th edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8274-0917-9
  2. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 53, online.
  3. ↑ Information on grassland use.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 152 kB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.lfl.bayern.de  
  4. ↑ a b Entry at GrassBase.
  5. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  245 .
  6. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  7. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Trisetum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  8. ↑ Otti Wilmanns: Ecological Plant Sociology , 3rd edition, 1984, ISBN 3-494-02027-2 , p. 226
  9. ↑ http://www.botanikus.de/Botanik3/Ordnung/Goldhafer/goldhafer.html
  10. ↑ http://www.vetpharm.uzh.ch/reloader.htm?giftdb/ Pflanzen/0106_tox.htm? inhalt_c.htm
  11. ↑ Grit Winterfeld: Molecular-cytogenetic studies on oat grasses (Aveneae) and other Poaceae , dissertation Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 2004 (PDF; 315 kB).
  12. ^ Trisetum flavescens at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 22, 2013.
  13. ^ Trisetum flavescens in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
  14. ↑ a b Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 168.
  15. ^ Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .

Web links

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