Universal design

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Universal Design , German Universal design is an international design concept, the products , equipment, environments and systems designed so that they are as possible for as many people used without further adaptation or specialization.

Universal design consists of two essential components:

  1. The design of the products is so flexible that it can be used in different situations by people with different abilities without additional technology or adaptation.
  2. The design of the products is also compatible with assistive technology that is used by people who are not able to use the products directly.

definition

Universal design is the process of designing products (devices, environments, systems and processes) that can be used by people of the widest possible range of different abilities in the widest possible range of situations (environments, conditions, and circumstances).

Universal design

  • takes into account the requirements and skills of all users.
  • allows a very wide variety of people to successfully use (directly or with assistive technology) products.
  • enables products to be used in a very wide variety of situations and circumstances.
  • promotes products that are flexible enough to meet the needs of both new and experienced users.
  • leads to products that are generally easier for users to understand and use.

Universal design

  • is not a product or a result, but a process. This process results in products that are usable and useful to the largest possible group of people.
  • is not a trend, but a permanent, future-oriented and holistic design concept.
  • is a “good design” that includes all people.

It is important to note that universal design does not mean that everyone can use a product under all circumstances. Because there is no product that can completely meet the needs of all users. But when the needs of as many users as possible are incorporated into the design process, products can be designed that can be used by people of the widest possible range of different abilities in the widest possible range of situations.

Principles of Universal Design

For universal design, a working group of architects, product designers, engineers and researchers led by the founder of universal design Ronald L. Mace at the Center for Universal Design worked out seven principles that serve as guidelines. Because these principles can be used to evaluate existing product designs, guide the design process and educate both designers and consumers about the characteristics of easier-to-use products.

The principles for universal design include certain key elements that should be considered in the design:

Principle 1: Broad usability

The design is usable and marketable for people with different skills.

Guidelines:

  • Provide the same usage options for all users: identical - as far as possible; equivalent - if this is not possible.
  • Avoid segregating or stigmatizing users.
  • Mechanisms for maintaining privacy, security and safe use must be equally available to all users; the design must be made appealing for all users.

Principle 2: flexibility in use

The design supports a wide range of individual preferences and possibilities.

Guidelines:

  • Provide options for the methods of use.
  • Support right or left handed access and use.
  • Support the accuracy and precision of the user.
  • Provide adaptation to the speed of the user.

Principle 3: Simple and intuitive use

The use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the experience, knowledge, language skills or current concentration of the user.

Guidelines:

  • Avoid unnecessary complexity.
  • Consistently take into account the expectations of the users and their intuition.
  • Support a wide range of reading and language skills.
  • Label information according to its importance.
  • Provide clear prompts and feedback during and during execution.

Principle 4: Sensory information

The design effectively provides the user with the necessary information, regardless of the surrounding situation or the sensory abilities of the user.

Guidelines:

  • Provide different modes for the presentation of repetitive information (visual, verbal, tactile).
  • Provide adequate contrasts between important information and its surroundings.
  • Provide maximized readability of important information.
  • Differentiate between elements in the type of description (e.g. simple possibility of giving instructions or instructions).
  • Provide compatibility (compatibility) with a range of techniques or devices used by people with sensory impairments.

Principle 5: fault tolerance

The design minimizes risks and the negative consequences of accidental or unintentional actions.

Guidelines:

  • Arranging the elements to minimize risk and error: most used elements most accessible; Avoid, isolate, or shield risky elements.
  • Provide warnings about risks and errors.
  • Provide fail-safe options.
  • Do not encourage unconscious action in operations that require alertness.

Principle 6: Low physical effort

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably with a minimum of fatigue.

Guidelines:

  • Make it possible to maintain the natural posture.
  • Require adequate operators.
  • Minimizing repetitive actions.
  • Avoid constant physical strain.

Principle 7: size and space for access and use

Provide adequate size and space for access, reachability, manipulation and use regardless of the size of the user, his posture or mobility.

Guidelines:

  • Provide a clear view of important elements for any seated or standing user.
  • Ensure easy access to all components for all seated or standing users.
  • Support different hand and gripping sizes.
  • Provide sufficient space for the use of other aids or assistants.

Categorization

These seven principles of universal design can in turn be classified into three categories:

Principles that deal primarily with man

  • Principle 3: Simple and intuitive use
  • Principle 4: Sensory information
  • Principle 6: Low physical effort

Principles primarily related to the process

  • Principle 2: flexibility in use
  • Principle 5: fault tolerance
  • Principle 7: size and space for access and use

Principles that transcend people and processes

  • Principle 1: Broad usability

Definition of terms

The term “universal design” is often used with other terms, such as B. “Design for All” or accessibility , used synonymously and synonymously. But even if the terms are very similar, they differ in their basic ideas.

Design for All

While universal design has its origins in the USA, the term “design for all” comes from Europe. The origin of these two concepts is very important because the cultural orientation of the countries of origin shapes the design.

  • In the USA, for example, there is a rather homogeneous culture. B. Accessible buildings and the accessibility of service offers are uniformly prescribed and implemented. In addition, the United States has a strong individualistic tradition in which the individual and not the group is the focus.
→ With the concept of universal design, one can therefore see an emphasis on the individual rights of the individual: Every individual should be enabled to have access to a building, a service or a product.
  • Europe, on the other hand, is a multifaceted continent on which a historically grown cultural diversity predominates. Europe therefore emphasizes both the uniformity of all countries on the continent and the preservation of differences.
→ Design for All as a European strategy therefore means integrating different groups of people without forcing a uniformity.

This difference in the two concepts is also reflected in their guidelines : The principles of universal design are uniform requirements for all products, services and environments - the European strategies, on the other hand, suggest a selection of several options for how the goal can be achieved.

There is also a difference in how these two concepts are implemented. While design for everyone is more of a social commitment in Europe, profit is much more in the foreground in the implementation and marketing of universal design.

Universal design Design for everyone
USA and Japan Europe
uniformity diversity
Individual right of the individual Participation in the community
Principles of Universal Design European strategies
Market orientation social commitment

Accessible design

Accessible design is a design concept that focuses on expanding design norms - in the sense that people with limited performance can easily use a product, building or service.

The term is used mainly for design that the individual abilities of a human being into account and also his support technology involves. Products that are designed in an accessible design can therefore be used together or in addition to technical aids.

In the USA, "Accessible Design" emerged as a positive term for accessibility in the 1970s, but it was and is very closely linked to legal regulations. Most importantly, Accessible Design must adhere to strict minimum requirements of accessibility codes and design standards, which primarily relate to people with physical disabilities.

Accessibility

Accessibility pursues the goal of ensuring that products are accessible and usable for all people in the generally customary manner without any particular difficulty and, in principle, without outside help.

While this design concept in the laws and regulations is intended (exclusively) for people with disabilities , in practice there has been a shift in the term: away from the designation of barrier-free structural design for wheelchair users - towards the design of accessible, accessible and usable environments for all humans.

This means that the design of barrier-free products is increasingly based on the principles of universal design - and that the understanding of the concept is also adapted to universal design.

Demarcation

The following summarizes the most important differentiating points of the design concepts:

Accessible design Accessibility Design for everyone Universal design
Legal standards DIN standards social commitment Market orientation
only for people with disabilities originally for people with disabilities for the entire, diverse population
Minimal solutions often special solutions bigger mission, choices
no guarantee of good design Usability, aesthetics and sustainability are included as components
limited, set concept interpretable and therefore expandable concept Ideal, without a predefined final stage
Implementation is measured by compliance with the standards Implementation is measured against DIN regulations Implementation is measured against European strategies Implementation is measured by compliance with the principles
reduces discrimination enables social participation embodies the individual right to integration

In addition, there are different understandings of disability in the concepts: barrier-free and accessible design are based more on a person-oriented and medical view of disability. Universal design and design for everyone, on the other hand, see disabilities as “made from outside”, so that disability can affect everyone, depending on the situation.

Accessible design Accessibility Design for everyone Universal design
individual ›› ›› › society

Historical development

The origin of the universal design lies in the rehabilitation techniques of the 1950s. Since a great many people were wounded in World War II and retained permanent damage, various “ assistive technologies ” had to be developed.

However, the term "universal design" was not used until the 1980s by the American architect and designer Ronald L. Mace and his colleagues at the Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University . The working group of architects, engineers and designers developed seven principles for universal design with the aim of making products usable for the largest possible group of people.

In the USA , initiated by the efforts of the Disability Rights Movement , laws were passed much earlier that paved the way for universal design:

  • 1960: first ANSI standard for barrier-free design of buildings and structural infrastructure
  • 1968: Architectural Barriers Act
  • 1973: Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
  • 1975: Education for Handicapped Children Act (today: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA))
  • 1988: Fair Housing Amendments Act
  • 1990: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
  • 1996: Telecommunications Act
  • 1998: Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act

In Europe , too , associations were set up that deal with the topic of universal design, such as Universal Design e. V. ( Germany ) or the Center for Excellence in Universal Design ( Ireland ). A Plan of Action for Universal Design was launched in Norway . This plan aims to increase access to all important areas of society for people with disabilities. In addition to public transport , buildings and parks , this also includes the ICT sector .

In its work, the Council of Europe is also committed to the implementation of universal design to achieve the participation of people with disabilities . As early as 2001 it was demanded that the principles of universal design should be included in the curricula of professions in the field of building ( barrier-free building ). In 2007, the implementation of Universal Design was recommended to enable people with disabilities to participate fully .

The implementation of universal design was required in 2007 by the United Nations in the Convention on the Rights of Disabled People . This convention was signed by many countries such as Germany , Belgium , Austria and France .

Relevance and goals

Universal design is a concept that aims to

  • To make the design and cooperation of environments, products, forms of communication, information technologies and services accessible and understandable for everyone.
  • To make products usable in such a way that they can be used in the most independent and natural way and, if possible, do not have to be adapted or specialized.
  • to reduce separate solutions and special services.
  • to simplify everyday life for all people.

Universal design is a concept that should be implemented and become the standard in all areas of society and everyday life. This is particularly true when you consider that universal design can make a significant contribution to the economic and social sustainability of environments, products and services.

Especially in connection with the demographic development , the diversity of people should be perceived as potential. This potential should be included in design processes so that living environments emerge that can be used by everyone . Universal design is the ideal basis for this. Companies and service providers who recognize the potential and take into account the principles of universal design in development and production processes can sooner or later assume an advantageous economic position. The realization of universal design in specific design processes can therefore also be profitable.

It should also be borne in mind that curricula vitae and biographies are by no means straightforward now and in the future. Rather, there is a wide range of possibilities for each individual; Not only are people in themselves different, but they also shape their lives in very different and individual ways. One and the same product can thus fulfill different functional or symbolic purposes for different people . Classic consumer classifications (age, gender, origin, level of education) are thus becoming less important; From now on, good design must work within different living environments.

Good practice examples

A universal design card at Ōtemachi subway station in Tokyo . The board has a tactile map of the surroundings, Braille letters and a sound output for visually impaired people. It is designed to be elegant and universal at the same time.

Because framework conditions for the evaluation of best practice in relation to universal design are still lacking, best practice cannot yet be clearly defined. This is why we speak of “ good practice ” in the following .

" So far, there is a lack of frameworks helping to guide the evaluation, both for quantitative as well as qualitative measurements, of best practice."

Based on the seven principles of universal design , the following services and products are examples of "good practice":

Generations supermarket

The following example comes from a research report by the International Design Center Berlin and shows how a service can be designed in the sense of universal design. The supermarket of the generations (developed by the Edeka group of companies in Northern Bavaria-Saxony-Thuringia) offers many advantages for a wide variety of customer groups. Basically, the concept was developed for all consumers. The supermarket is mainly characterized by the following points:

  • Better illumination of the goods
(The principles of wide usability and simple and intuitive use are fulfilled)
  • Stronger lighting in sales areas
(The principles of wide usability and simple and intuitive use are fulfilled)
  • Establishment of a quiet zone: bench, water dispenser, newspapers
(The principle of low physical effort is fulfilled)
  • Wide aisles and checkout areas
(The principle of size and space for access and use is fulfilled)
  • Reduced placements of goods in the aisles
(The principle of size and space for access and use is fulfilled)
  • Lowering the shelf height
(The principles of wide usability , simple and intuitive use and low physical effort are met)
  • Large lettering on the shelves and reading magnifiers on the shelves
(The principles of wide usability , flexibility in use and simple and intuitive use are fulfilled)
  • Talking scales
(The principles of broad usability and sensory perceptible information are met)
  • Single packs in the product range
(The principle of flexibility in use is fulfilled)
  • Service button for calling staff at central points in the store
(The principle of fault tolerance is fulfilled)
  • Braille in the entrance area and on the shelves
(The principle of sensory perceptible information is fulfilled)
  • Guidance system for the blind in the corridors of the supermarket
(The principle of sensory perceptible information is fulfilled).

This is a cross-generational concept that offers particular advantages for seniors, customers with disabilities , young singles or parents with small children.

"Classic" washing machine from Miele

With the development of the “Klassik” washing machine from Miele , the aim was to make laundry care easier and more convenient for users. The controls are clearly arranged to ensure easy handling. The washing machine is mainly characterized by the following points:

  • Functions and programs are in large letters on the control panel
(The principles of wide usability and simple and intuitive use are fulfilled)
  • Easily recognizable thanks to the two-line display
(The principles of wide usability and simple and intuitive use are fulfilled)
  • Backlit display
(The principles of wide usability and simple and intuitive use are fulfilled)
  • Reduced complexity: 5 essential washing programs are available
(The principles of wide usability , simple and intuitive use and fault tolerance are met)
  • Raised construction through built-in base, if desired
(The principles of flexibility in use , low physical effort and size and space for access and use are met)
  • Adaptation of the operation by blind users possible
(The principles of flexibility in use and sensory perceptible information are met)
  • The best possible handling of the machine through the use of easy-to-use buttons and rotary switches
(The principles of wide usability and simple and intuitive use are fulfilled)

The Classic range from Miele won the 2009 universal design award 09 and the universal consumer favorite 09 .

Generation-friendly department store - Kaufhof

The department store chain Galeria Kaufhof is currently converting department stores under the “Generation-friendly shopping quality mark”. Special attention is paid to ensuring that “shopping for people of all ages and for people with disabilities is made as pleasant and barrier-free as possible”. These include:

  • Entrances wide and at ground level
  • Changing rooms with handles, fixed bench
  • Shopping support for blind and visually impaired people
  • good legibility of signs

In addition, Kaufhof not only attaches importance to the redesign of the department stores, but also for the first time includes products in its range that have been designed under the aspects of "universal design" and have received multiple awards.

These include u. a.

  • Plate with an invisible, inclined inner base as an auxiliary function
  • Cups that are "designed so that you can drink the whole content without having to put your head back"

Difficulties in implementation

Although the relevance of universal design is considerable, the concept has hardly been implemented in design processes so far. The reasons for this are manifold:

In Germany there are fixed DIN standards with regard to the barrier-free design of buildings and public spaces, but there are no guidelines whatsoever with regard to the implementation of universal design. So there is definitely no legal basis or at least defined standards.

There is also a lack of skilled workers who would be able to develop, evaluate and sell UD products. In addition, the concept is not yet very well known and thus still plays an insignificant role in the broad public discussion - even if this will certainly change in the near future.

On the part of companies there is often the fear that UD products bring no financial gains. This fear is particularly related to the idea that there are significant costs involved in developing products that can be used by everyone. There is concern that the high production and development costs cannot be covered by the income from the sale of the products.

In addition, there is a lack of appropriate role models and pioneers in this area, so that a corresponding competition has not (so far) come about. Although there are now some articles, reports and scientific studies on the topic of universal design, the industry is still missing a serious discussion of this topic.

Ideas and recommendations for action for increased implementation

Everyday example: a tin can from Japan with Braille
  • Clarification of terms and definitions
The term universal design is not yet used in a uniform manner; rather, different concepts and terms are used in parallel. A more precise definition of the terms and definitions would be desirable in order to establish a general understanding of universal design as broadly as possible in different contexts of action and to promote its implementation in practice.
  • Development of guiding criteria
The formulation of action-guiding criteria for universal design would help to facilitate the concrete implementation of corresponding concepts in practice.
  • Specification of user involvement
When developing new products and services, user involvement provides important information on optimal design and manageability and helps to avoid errors. The relevance of user involvement must be communicated more strongly in the context of universal design, as it is essential on the way to a good design for everyone. The previous integration of users has not yet been carried out according to uniform standards ; different groups of people are also chosen. It is important that the companies are made aware of the heterogeneity of different groups of people so that more people with disabilities, older people or young families with children are included. Developments in this area are desirable and should be promoted.
  • Direct state funding opportunities
In the area of ​​government funding opportunities, financial grants and low-interest loans are conceivable in order to advance projects and innovations in the field of universal design. In addition, direct specifications could be made in tenders for projects that correspond to the universal design approach.
  • Intensification of communication and advice
In addition to scientific publications, more book publications, prospectuses, brochures and databases on the Internet would be desirable in order to make Universal Design better known and to work towards greater implementation. Exhibitions and specialist conferences that bring together representatives from research and science as well as business and industry would certainly be helpful for this. In addition, companies should be given more advice on how they can actually implement the results of research in product development.
  • Promotion of research and exchange of experience
Events, conferences and workshops on the topic of universal design could help the actors from this topic to network more closely. In this way, previous experiences as well as new ideas and developments could be better communicated. Regional and / or industry-specific priorities could also be set in the course of smaller events. In addition, it is important to advance scientific research and discussion of the topic of universal design and to establish it in various specialist areas.
  • Strengthening education and training
It is of enormous importance that the topic of universal design becomes an integral part of the training of relevant disciplines. Examples include: social sciences, design , engineering, information technology, spatial and urban planning, product development, marketing and sales.
In order to qualify people who are already working in the corresponding fields of activity, further education, training courses and projects would be desirable.
  • Legal requirements
The implementation of universal design could be promoted through clear legal requirements.
  • Cross-generational and cross-cultural product design
Products and offers of services have to be designed across generations. This offers age-independent and ergonomic user-friendliness. Due to the cultural aspect, individual needs of the users are taken into account, so that products and services of the universal design can be rated as customer-oriented.
  • public relation
In order for universal design to spread on a large scale, public relations work must be carried out. This serves to enable a general awareness, acceptance and use of the universal design by the whole of society. For example, exhibitions on the topic could be offered.

Education and training

As already mentioned in the recommendations for action for increased implementation , it is of the utmost importance to train experts in universal design. These should be active in all fields of action and areas of life, so that it can be ensured that the awareness of universal design and in particular the application and implementation of the design concept is spread.

To achieve this, it is crucial

  • to integrate the concept of universal design as an integral part of training courses and courses of study in various disciplines and thus to impart fundamental knowledge and skills comprehensively and on a large scale; such as
  • To qualify people who are already working in corresponding fields of activity and who can apply the newly acquired knowledge and skills to their profession. For this purpose, specific education and training programs should be developed.

However , the design concept does not seem to have played a major role in training programs and courses so far - which is regrettable, since future specialists could be specifically trained at universities.

Initial efforts only exist within the DfA @ eInclusion project , in which a training concept for design for everyone was developed. In this training concept, it is intended to offer an introductory course on design in bachelor’s degree programs, while an independent degree program is to be established at master’s level. Similar programs are also being implemented at Middlesex University, UK and the University of Linz, Austria - programs that could also serve as a template for universal design.

In the area of further education, training and projects , only a few activities can be recorded:

  • A comprehensive workshop of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has been held since May 2009 for the further training of specialists in the information and communications industry. The "curriculum for training professionals in universal design" qualifies employees to understand the principles of universal design, to recognize potential for improvement in previous products and to apply universal design in future products.
  • The Research Institute for Technology and Disability provides all interested parties with practical guidelines for universal product properties that are easy to use and implement in its Universal Design division.
  • For several years now, the Center for Universal Design has been conducting courses, further education and training for various interest groups, in which the core element of the training is in particular self-awareness and awareness of various user problems. In this way, the participants / designers should be made aware of the need to take into account various user needs and difficulties in their design drafts.

On the other hand, there are training and further education concepts for Design for All that could serve as a template for universal design.

It is also crucial in this training process to include the end users of the universal design at the interface between design and application . As experts in their own field, they should be trained and enabled to compare and evaluate universal products, express constructive criticism, and identify aspects and application difficulties that were not taken into account in the design draft.

National and international projects

In Germany there has been the “universal design award” since 2008. This award is intended to motivate designers and manufacturers to develop new products, architecture and services in the field of universal design. The organizer of the award is the association universal design e. V. The winners of the universal design awards 2010 will be presented at CeBIT 2010 in Hanover. In 2009 the organizer presented the universal design company award for the first time as part of the Weimar Declaration. This award honors companies that not only drive the developments described above, but also show themselves to be sustainable and socially committed.

Another project was created in cooperation between universal design e. V. and the Chair for Industrial Design at the Technical University of Munich. The topic of the research project was "Universal Design in the Global Demographic Change". The aim of this cooperation was to research the different terms of universal design on a national and international level and to design products on this level that can be used across generations.

Another approach is chosen in the Fraunhofer inHaus-Zentrum project. In this center, rooms and buildings are developed with the aim of increasing profitability and user efficiency. In particular, topics such as energy efficiency , safety and environmental protection are included. A bathroom and a bedroom were specially developed for a multigenerational household. In these, pieces of furniture are combined with a wide variety of sensor technologies, robotics , communication and information technologies . One example is the bathroom mirror, which can be used to display different information, such as the time to brush your teeth, the weather or the medication. The technologies can be adapted to the needs of the users.

Projects on the topic of universal design are also taking place at the international level. In many countries, such as Ireland , Japan and the Scandinavian countries, authorities have been set up to focus on this topic. Universal design is already well advanced, especially in Japan. In 2010 the third conference for universal design took place in Hamamatsu. The focus of this conference was the question of how communication between users and manufacturers can be promoted in order to develop a universal design for everyone.

Another conference took place in 2010 at the University of Oslo. The organizer was the National Network for Universal ICT . The main topics of this conference were universal technologies, accessibility of communication technologies, development of universal design, political implementation, standards and guidelines, and implementation and acceptance of universal design in buildings.

Guidelines and Standards for Universal Design

No fundamental laws have yet been passed for universal design. However, the following documents can be used as guidelines for implementing Universal Design:

  • UN convention
Article 2: "Regulations"
  • ISO Guide 71
Guidelines for standards to address the needs of the elderly and people with disabilities
  • European Concept for Accessibility (ECA)
Improvement of public authorities and administrations
  • BITV
Barrier-free information technology regulation: Regulation for the creation of barrier-free information technology according to the Disability Equality Act
Barrier-free construction: Requirements for streets, squares, paths, public transport and green spaces and playgrounds
Barrier-free construction: Requirements for publicly accessible buildings and workplaces
Apartments for wheelchair users
Barrier-free apartments
  • DIN EN ISO 13407
User-oriented design of interactive systems
  • DIN EN ISO 18529
Ergonomics of human-system interaction - human-related descriptions of the life cycle process

See also

literature

Web links

  • CUD - Center for Universal Design at NC State University
  • EDeAN - European Design for All eAccessibility Network (initiative for better accessibility in areas of the information society)
  • Research Institute Technology and Disability - Research Institute Technology and Disability
  • Fraunhofer inHaus Center - Fraunhofer inHaus Center. Intelligent room and building systems
  • HTW Berlin - Research Group Universal Design Thinking
  • IDZ - Internationales Design Zentrum Berlin (Universal Design quality mark)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Trace Center: General Concepts, Universal Design Principles and Guidelines. Retrieved November 11, 2009
  2. ^ Council of Europe Publishing. Achieving full participation through Universal Design. Council of Europe 2009.
  3. ↑ a b Ronald L. Mace ( Memento from June 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ a b Center for Universal Design ( Memento from December 10, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ^ Translation from English: The Principles of Universal Design Copyright: The Center for Universal Design 1997 by North Carolina State University
  6. ^ Research Institute for Technology and Disability: Principles of Universal Design.Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  7. ↑ Design for All - Germany (DFA): Design for All. Accessed on October 19, 2009.
  8. ^ Institute for Human Centered Design: Itemid = 26 History for Universal Design.Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  9. ↑ The Center for Universal Design: Universal Design History ( Memento June 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved November 10, 2009.
  10. ↑ Universal Design e. V. (Germany)
  11. ↑ Center for Excellence in Universal Design (Ireland)
  12. ↑ Plan of Action for Universal Design ( Memento of May 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ Council of Europe
  14. ^ Council of Europe: Resolution ResAP (2001) 1 Accessed March 10, 2010.
  15. ^ Council of Europe: Resolution ResAP (2007) 3 Accessed on March 10, 2010.
  16. ^ United Nations Treaty Collection: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.Retrieved March 10, 2010.
  17. ↑ a b c d Universal Design © (2007): Universal design in global demographic change. A research report by universal design e. V. and the Chair for Industrial Design at the Technical University of Munich. February 16, 2007.
  18. ↑ a b c IDZ research report (PDF; 6.9 MB) Retrieved February 10, 2010
  19. ^ K. Miesenberger: Best Practice in Design for All. In: C. Stephanidis (Ed.): The Universal Access Handbook. Taylor & Francis Group 2009, pp. 58-1 - 58-19.
  20. ↑ Universal Design Awards 2009 Miele washing machine classic ( Memento from November 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ^ "Generation-friendly shopping" ( Memento from April 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  22. ↑ "Everyday Heroes"  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.galeria-kaufhof.de
  23. ↑ DfA @ eInclusion ( Memento from April 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ^ S. Keith, G. Whitney, J. Wilson: Design For All @ eInclusion: Best Practice in Education And Training . In: AAATE '09, Florence 2009.
  25. ^ Middlesex University
  26. ^ University of Linz ( Memento from December 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  27. ^ European Committee for Standardization
  28. ↑ CEN Workshop on ' Curriculum for training professionals in Universal Design ' (WS / UD-PROF), accessed on June 9, 2009.
  29. ↑ Research Institute for Technology and Disability
  30. ↑ Research Institute Technology and Disability: Practical guidelines for product properties , accessed on October 10, 2009.
  31. ↑ Center for Universal Design ( Memento from December 10, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
  32. ↑ Center for Universal Design: Education and Training ( Memento June 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed October 10, 2009.
  33. ↑ C. Nicolle, J. Abascal (Ed.): Inclusive Design Guidelines for HCI . Taylor & Francis, 2001.
  34. ↑ Universal Design - Weimar Declaration
  35. ↑ UN Convention (PDF; 196 kB)
  36. ↑ ISO Guide 71
  37. ↑ European Concept for Accessibility (PDF; 701 kB)
  38. ↑ BITV
  39. ↑ DIN EN ISO 13407
  40. ↑ DIN EN ISO 18529 ( Memento of February 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive )