Vilayet Yemen

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The Vilâyet Yemen after 1908

The Yemen Vilayet was a province of the Ottoman Empire in parts of the present states of Yemen and Saudi Arabia . It existed from 1872 to 1918.

history

The Ottomans conquered Yemen up to the highlands as early as the 16th century, but were driven out by the Zaidis in the following century . At the beginning of the 19th century, the Wahhabis conquered the Hejaz and the coastal region ( Tihama ) of Yemen. In 1811 the Ottoman Sultan commissioned the governor of Egypt, Muhammad Ali , to fight the Wahhabis. In 1818/1819 the Wahhabis were expelled from the Tihama. The region remained occupied by the Egyptians, who withdrew from Yemen in April 1840 as a result of the crisis in the Orient . The resulting power vacuum was filled by the Emirate of Abu Arish .

In 1842 the Emir of Abu Arish placed himself under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In return, he was appointed governor of the Tihama. In early 1849 the Ottomans decided to put Yemen under direct administration. The Emir of Abu Arish gave the Ottomans his sphere of influence. The Ottomans made only half-hearted efforts to restore the province to its 16th century expansion. That changed with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. In 1872 the emirate of Asir and the Imamate of the Zaidites were conquered.

After the pacification of the region, Ahmad Muhtar Pascha was entrusted with the restructuring of the administration and the introduction of the Vilayet reforms in Yemen, which were completed after 14 months in April 1873. Sanaa became the provincial capital .

The province had an area of ​​about 200,000 square kilometers and bordered the British province of Aden .

Imam Mohammed ibn Jahja led the revolt and laid the foundation for the later dynasty of the Kingdom of Yemen . When he died in 1904, his successor, Imam Jahja Mohammed Hamideddin, continued the revolt against the Ottomans and obtained concessions to the Zaidis. The Ottomans agreed to withdraw the civil code and reintroduce Sharia law in Yemen.

In March 1914, the Ottomans signed a border treaty with the British that finally determined the border of the Vilâyets.

After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I , North Yemen became independent ( Kingdom of Yemen ) under the leadership of Jahja Mohammed Hamideddin .

Governors

  • Katircioglu Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (September 1871 - May 1873)
  • Ahmed Eyyüb Pasha (May 1873 - April 1875)
  • Mustafa Asim Pascha (April 1875 - April 1879)
  • Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha (December 1879 - December 1882)
  • Mehmed Izzet Pasha (December 1882 - December 1884)
  • Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (1st time) (December 1884 - December 1886)
  • Ahmed Aziz Pasha (December 1886 - December 1887)
  • Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (December 1887 - June 1889)
  • Potirikli Osman Nuri Pascha (June 1889 - May 1890)
  • Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha (May 1890 - April 1891)
  • Hasan Edip Pasha (April 1891 - December 1891)
  • Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (2nd time) (December 1891 - May 1898)
  • Hüseyin Hilmi Pascha (May 1898 - October 1902)
  • Cerkes Abdullah Reschid Pasha (October 1902 - August 1904)
  • Biren Mehmed Pascha Tevfik (August 1904 - August 1905)
  • Ahmed Fevzi Pasha (3rd time) (August 1905 - October 1908)
  • Arnavud Hasan Tahsin Pasha (October 1908 - January 1910)
  • Kamil Bey (January 1910 - April 1910)
  • Mehmed Ali Pasha (April 1910 - November 1911)
  • Akdilek Mahmud Pasha (November 1911 - December 1918)

Administrative division

The Vilayet Yemen was divided into four sanjaks when it was founded. The Sanjak Asir was subordinated directly to the Ottoman Ministry of the Interior on April 28, 1913 and thus spun off from the Vilayet Yemen.

literature

  • John Baldry: al-Yaman and the Turkish Occupation 1849-1914 . In: Arabica, T. 23, Fasc. 2 (Jun., 1976), pp. 156-196, JSTOR 4056619 .
  • Ceasar E. Farah: The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule . IB Tauris, 2002, ISBN 1-86064-767-7 .
  • Thomas Kuehn: Empire, Islam, and politics of difference. Ottoman rule in Yemen, 1849-1919 . Brill Academic Pub, 2011, ISBN 90-04-21131-4 .
  • Yemen . In: Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th edition. tape 28 : Vetch - Zymotic Diseases . London 1911, p. 913 (English, full text [ Wikisource ]).

Web links

Commons : Vilâyet Yemen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ceasar E. Farah: The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule . Pp. 97-98.
  2. ↑ AH Keane: Asia . P. 459 Textarchiv - Internet Archive .
  3. ↑ George Bury: Arabia Infelix Or the Turks in Yamen . Kessinger Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-4179-7518-1 , p. 19 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 24, 2013]).
  4. ↑ Bruce Masters: The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918: A Social and Cultural History . Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-1-107-03363-4 , pp. 189 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed June 8, 2013]).
  5. ↑ James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations . 1. A-C . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 978-0-313-32109-2 , pp. 195 ( limited preview in Google Book search).