Villa rustica Weilberg
| Villa rustica Weilberg | |
|---|---|
 Reconstructed part of the main building, view from the southeast. |
|
| Data | |
| place | Bad Dürkheim |
| Architectural style | Roman estate |
| Construction year | 20/30 AD |
| demolition | Mid 4th century |
The villa rustica Weilberg is a Roman estate near Bad Dürkheim - Ungstein in Rhineland-Palatinate .
Location and exploration
The Roman villa complex is visible from afar north of the town of Ungstein on the southern slope of a vineyard . The name Weilberg refers to the remains of the complex, which were still clearly visible in the post-Roman times. 1309 the slope zu wile is mentioned, in which the word villa is hidden. In the 18th and 19th centuries, consideration had to be given to the rubble when the vineyard walls were built, so that the parcels are still largely based on the orientation of the ancient villa. Part of the complex was covered with earth and walls were hidden. Not least because of this, the system is particularly well preserved.
Larger excavations began in 1981 when the plant was recorded in the vineyard consolidation. The winery is now accessible as an open-air museum . Some buildings such as the main or manor house and a wine press house have been partially reconstructed.
history
In the area of the courtyard, traces of a settlement from the late Latène period have been discovered, which lasted until around 50 BC. Chr. Range. The earliest finds suggest that the Roman villa began around AD 20/30. The exact extent of the earliest timber construction phase is unknown. The extension in stone took place at the beginning of the 2nd century AD, whereby the mighty, multi-storey mansion was created. Various modifications to it took place up to the 4th century.
Presumably as a result of Germanic invasions, the complex was destroyed around the middle of the 4th century. Coin finds, including two small treasure finds, show the year 348 AD as the most recent coinage. In the second half of the 4th century, a smaller estate was built a little below, partly including the outbuildings that were still there. In 1979 the remains of a late Roman Burgus were discovered in the densely built-up town center of Ungstein itself . The small fortress also dates back to the second half of the 4th century and is similar to such structures in Eisenberg and Bad Kreuznach . Roman settlement ended altogether in the early 5th century AD.
investment
Due to the size of the entire facility of 7.5 hectares, only partial exposure is possible. In the 2nd or 3rd century, the courtyard area was bordered with a wall, on which some outbuildings or outbuildings were leaned.
The main house or manor house is dominant within the complex, its south-facing front was 70 m long. In front of this was a three-sided portico , to which other parts of the building were attached to the sides. The building type is one of the risalit villas with a U-shaped portico, which is documented in numerous larger villa complexes in Roman Germany. Nearby examples are the villas in Wachenheim and Ladenburg - "Ziegelscheuer" A special feature of the Bad Dürkheim complex is that the portico from the main house was only accessible via a staircase to compensate for the slope. The main building, like the laterally risalit -shaped wings and part of the outbuildings, was multi-storey. In the front, western part of the main building, there was a bathroom over 110 m² in size , which had the usual sections for hot ( caldarium ), lau ( tepidarium ) and cold bath ( frigidarium ). At the back of the house was a large hallway that led to an uncovered courtyard. Large parts of the manor house have been reconstructed since 1989 and are accessible on guided tours.
Although the main building on the upper floor had an area of around 2000 m², this living space was no longer sufficient in the early 4th century. An eastern side wing was created with a length of 31 m, so that the entire front of the main building now measured 104 m. To the west of the main building, as an extension of the building front, there was also a multi-storey auxiliary building. It had a narrow, partially heated living area as well as a hall, which probably served commercial purposes. Inside was a kiln for drying grain.
Also to the west of the main building, a building could be identified as a wine press. There were three basins inside that were used to process grapes. Finds of equipment and grape seeds also indicate the economic basis of the villa; the grape seeds are evidence of the forerunners of the Riesling, Traminer and Burgundy vines that were cultivated back then. The system has been reconstructed and is functional. In the protective structure, some stone monuments are also exhibited, including architectural parts from the main building of the villa as well as the dedicatory inscription from neighboring Pfeffingen that was found in 1828 when the church was demolished .
The grave fields of the 1st to 3rd centuries could not yet be located. Several stone sarcophagi from late antiquity are on display in the outdoor area, some of which had rich glass additions. Some architectural parts found complement the stone collection. Some Mediterranean plants thrive in the complex, which have been planted to reinforce the ancient impression. The mild climate of the Vorderpfalz favors the planting of figs , pines and almonds , among other things .
literature
- Helmut Bernhard : Bad Dürkheim-Ungstein DÜW. Estate. In: Heinz Cüppers (Hrsg.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate . 3. Edition. Reprint Nikol, Hamburg 2005, pp. 317-319, ISBN 978-3-933203-60-1 .
- Helmut Bernhard: High returns in the "Weilberg" winery near Bad Dürkheim-Ungstein. In: Vera Rupp , Heide Birley (Hrsg.): Country life in Roman Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2573-0 , pp. 145-148.
- Fritz Schumann : Römervilla Weilberg. A walk through the Roman vineyard in Ungstein near Bad Dürkheim. Bad Dürkheim 2006.
Web links
- Römervilla Weilberg on the sides of the city of Bad Dürkheim
- Roman vineyard Weilberg in Ungstein on the website of the Museum Society Bad Dürkheim eV
- Archaeoflug Reconstruction of Villa Rustica Ungstein
Individual evidence
- ↑ H. Bernhard p. 317.
- ^ H. Bernhard in: The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate P. 654f.
- ↑ Britta Rabold: Ladenburg "Ziegelscheuer" - From the Neckarsuebi settlement to the Roman villa. In: Imperium Romanum. Rome's provinces on the Neckar, Rhine and Danube. Archaeological State Museum Baden-Württemberg, Esslingen 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1945-1 , pp. 91–96.
- ^ Roemisches-Weingut-Weilberg. Retrieved May 17, 2016 .
- ↑ CIL 13, 06139 (4, p 89) .
Coordinates: 49 ° 29 ′ 3.2 ″ N , 8 ° 10 ′ 35.1 ″ E
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