Limburg Monastery

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Limburg Monastery
Limburg monastery ruins from the southeast

Limburg monastery ruins from the southeast

Data
place Bad Dürkheim
Client Counts
Architectural style Romanesque
Construction year 9th century
demolition 17th century apart from a few remains
Ground plan of the basilica (northeast above) after Georg Dehio [1]

Ground plan of the basilica (northeast above) after Georg Dehio

View from the central nave to the choir area
View of the choir from the northeast

The Monastery Limburg (after the disintegration often monastery ruin Limburg , once Abbey "to holy cross" or monastery Limburg an der Haardt ) is a former Benedictine Abbey , which from the 11th century until the Reformation was. It is located on the eastern edge of the Palatinate Forest on the district of the Rhineland-Palatinate district town of Bad Dürkheim . The complex, built in Romanesque style , only exists as a ruin . It is one of the largest and most important monuments of early Salian architecture.

geography

location

View of the ruins from the southeast, behind the Palatinate Forest

The Limburg monastery ruins are located in the Palatinate Forest Nature Park, exposed above the south bank of a left Rhine tributary, the Isenach , which breaks through the Haardt , the eastern edge of the Palatinate Forest, to the west of Bad Dürkheim and first enters the hilly country on the German Wine Route , then the Rhine plain . The facility is located on today's Limburgberg , which is 260.5  m high, to the northeast of the summit a little below at 245 to 250  m height. The Haardtrand - Am Limburgberg nature reserve (NSG no. 163433) , which was founded in 1989 and covers around 12 hectares, extends outside the monastery grounds.

Limburg can be reached on foot via the Bad Dürkheim districts of Grethen and Hausen , by car via the Seebach district .

Surroundings

There are other historical sites in the area: also to the right of the Isenach the medieval Hardenburg and the Romanesque Benedictine monastery Seebach, opposite, to the left of the Isenach, the devil's stone with presumably prehistoric traces of work, the Celtic pagan wall and the Roman quarry Kriemhildenstuhl .

history

Early history

The oldest established structure on the later "Linthberg" is a Celtic hilltop settlement. Archaeological excavations should provide further information on this Celtic center. Further evidence of the Celtic era in the surrounding area are the prince's grave discovered on the Heidenfeld in 1864 during the construction of the Palatinate Northern Railway between Bad Dürkheim and Wachenheim on the Weinstrasse , as well as signs of another five possible prince graves and the discovery of a carnyx , a Celtic wind instrument, during renovation work in the area of ​​the today's restaurant in the monastery district. There are also finds from the Roman period.

High Middle Ages

Central nave facing west, in the foreground the tomb of Queen Gunhild
Queen Gunhild's tomb
Monastery coat of arms: cross with crown of thorns

In the 9th century, the counts from the Salian dynasty residing in Worms built a castle that dominated the entrance of the Isenach valley. What the castle looked like is largely unknown. The archaeologically excavated relics are sparse, and the excavated findings cover only part of the complex. They do not allow a reconstruction. It is not known whether the castle was still in use when the monastery was founded or whether it was already abandoned. Its military function took over 300 years later the Hardenburg , which was built 2 km further west.

While retaining the name in the vernacular, which officially however Abbey of the Holy Cross was that the Limburg was from 1025 as Kloster Salian to an abbey of Benedictine order with basilica rebuilt. A few years later, construction of the Speyer Cathedral began . A monk by the name of Gumbert was identified as the builder of the complex on the Limburg. In 1035 he also served as third abbot for a short time and whose grave slab has been preserved, but little else is known about him.

The monastery was given a rich interior that extended far beyond the region. First parts of the church were in the presence of Emperor 1035 Konrad II. Of the Virgin Mary consecrated . There were three altars in the crypt . The consecration of the entire church was 1042. As patronage that were Holy Cross , the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist selected. The official name of the abbey was: "Stift zum Heiligen Kreuz". His coat of arms , a black cross on a silver field , also refers to this .

Temporarily, from 1042 to 1056, the imperial regalia were kept in the monastery. As Gunhild of Denmark , the wife of the later Emperor Heinrich III. , Died in Italy in 1038, her body was brought across the Alps and buried in the monastery. Whether the grave, which was archaeologically examined in 1935 and was found in the most prominent location, directly in front of the central altar in front of the rood screen, can be attributed to her remains uncertain due to the differences between the anthropological findings and the historical tradition.

On December 3, 1038, a synod in the Limburg monastery, in the presence of the emperor, decided on the still valid rule of how the Advent Sundays in the church year are and are to be calculated.

Under Abbot Einhard II , who was also Bishop of Speyer from 1060 , the Limburg Monastery was subordinated to the Speyer diocese in 1065 . Einhard II had his treasures, including numerous golden liturgical implements and 34 pounds of unprocessed gold , transported to Speyer . It was not until 1120 that the monastery became independent again from the diocese, but the material losses were not reimbursed.

In the dispute between the later Emperor Lothar III. and the Hohenstaufen Duke Friedrich II. , the heir of the extinct Salians, in 1128 the monastery was besieged for weeks - ultimately without consequences - in which the Hohenstaufen supporters had holed up.

In the 12th century the abbey had the right to mint . A corresponding privilege has not been preserved, but corresponding coins of denarii are known.

In 1196 the abbots of the monastery were given the right to wear the episcopal miter.

Late Middle Ages

In 1206, according to other sources in 1237, the Counts of Leiningen became the cloister's guardians in succession to the extinct Salians . They used this position to build the Hardenburg in the immediate vicinity and on land owned by the monastery in the 1220s . The monastery was not compensated for it until 1249.

As early as 1364, then again in 1376, the structures of the monastery in feuds between the Leininger and Worms , Mainz and Speyer were severely damaged. In 1404 the monastery had to allow the Counts of Leiningen not to make important decisions regarding the external relations of the monastery without their consent.

In 1416 the abbot issued a court order , in 1449 a market order for Dürkheim and converted the local fair into a public parish fair, which later became the world's largest wine festival as the Dürkheim sausage market .

In 1470/71 a regional war broke out in the course of an inheritance dispute in the house of Leiningen, in which Leiningian troops initially plundered the Limburg monastery. Only the library and the relics were left in the monastery. The elector Friedrich the Victorious of the Palatinate , who was involved in the dispute, was victorious . The Leininger had to cede to him the bailiwick of the Limburg monastery when peace was signed. This new situation led in the following years to constant friction between the monastery and the Leiningern, which culminated on August 30, 1504 when Count Emich IX. von Leiningen-Hardenburg the monastery burned down during the Landshut War of Succession .

The internal condition of the monastery was also a cause for concern. In 1481 it joined the Bursfeld congregation , which had the goal of reforming the Benedictine monasteries.

Early modern age

The monastery was only partially rebuilt, from 1510 to 1540 the abbots Werner Breder von Hohenstein († 1531) and Apollo von Vilbel († 1536) first had the residential buildings and the refectory rebuilt. This was interrupted in 1525 by renewed destruction in the Peasants' War . At that time the monastery was only occupied by monks. As a rule, there were fewer than 10. Of the church ruins, only the choir area was restored from 1540 to 1554. A wall was installed in the triumphal arch , which separated the choir from the church, which remained in ruins. Gothic elements, such as the windows, were added to the choir . The height of the wall was reduced to the level of the sills of the Salic building and a vault was added. The nave remained as a ruin, which started the structural decline of the complex.

The Reformation finally hit the monastery when its governor, Elector Ottheinrich , forbade Roman Catholic worship on January 23, 1556 . In 1562 Abbot Johann IV. Von Bingenheim rededicated the income that was due to the hospital and the Antonius Altar in (Bad) Dürkheim , thereby financing the position of a school teacher. The elector forbade accepting new monks. His attempts to induce the convention to accept the Reformation were only successful with a few members. After the death of Abbot Johann IV von Bingenheim in 1574, no successor was elected. The monastery was secularized by the Electoral Palatinate . At that time the convent still consisted of a prior and two monks. The structures fell into disrepair after the secularization.

In the course of the Thirty Years War , the Catholic side tried to regain ownership of the monastery. In 1621, Johann V. Jordans was appointed abbot in Deutz when Austrian and Spanish troops occupied the Palatinate. But since the Lutheran Swedes soon gained the upper hand in the dispute, he was driven out again. It was not until 1645 that he was reinstated by the Episcopal Vicar General of Speyer. However, in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 , the abbey fell back to the Electoral Palatinate, which Abbot Johann V expelled by force in 1650. In the following years the facility was used as a quarry.

Since the 19th century

In 1843, the city Durkheim bought the ruins of the state , leaving around them and inside of the nave a romantic English landscape garden by the Heidelberg University gardener and Grand Duke of Baden garden director Johann Christian Metzger Create (1789-1852). At that time, the first steps were taken to preserve the ruins. In 1890 and again in 1925/26 security work was carried out.

In 1935 archaeological excavations took place in the choir area and east of the monastery church on the castle that stood here in front of the monastery. In 1988 these results were confirmed again by search cuts. Further archaeological excavations on the site are intended to expand knowledge of its prehistoric settlement.

Today, the city of Bad Dürkheim, the state preservation of monuments of Rhineland-Palatinate and Aktion Limburg e.V. are trying to preserve the structural remains of the Limburg monastery . V. In the years 1969 to 1982 extensive renovations - some of which supplemented the ruins - took place. The additions were necessary for static as well as didactic reasons. These measures included the re-erection of the north tower of the west building in 1979 as an abutment so that the west building would not slide any further, the reinsertion of the collapsed east wall of the south transept and the rebuilding of the collapsed crypt from 1978 to 1982.

On July 14, 2017, shortly after midnight, a fire broke out in Limburg, which destroyed the Klosterschänke. The landlord, who stayed in the roof of the building, was killed.

investment

  • Gothic southwest tower from the 14th century

  • Crypt (reconstruction from the 1970s)

  • Interior of the choir

environment

The entire plateau of the Klosterberg was formerly surrounded by a wall, of which a few remains have survived on the southern edge of the plateau. A gate and a small chapel with preserved vaulted cellar existed to the west of the refectory. The slopes of the mountain were terraced by dry stone walls and were used intensively for agriculture.

Church building

Exterior

The church is an elongated three-aisled Romanesque columns basilica with transept . The floor plan of the main choir is square. The building is made of red sandstone , mostly of smaller rubble stones , while decorative elements are made of hewn blocks . The quarry stone surfaces were originally plastered. The original plaster is still preserved in places. The corners of the transept and choir, always made of unplastered cuboids, are decorated with linear ornamentation, which is also found on cuboids of yellow sandstone in the crypt of the Speyer Cathedral. The length of the ruin without the vestibule is 73 m, the width of the transept 38 m. The surrounding walls are essentially preserved up to the height of the wall crown.

What the south-western end of the church looked like is controversial. There are a number of reconstruction proposals: Some take a one Westwerk similar three-towered facade, others a double tower façade. From the beginning of the 16th century there is a "description" of the south-western end of the church by Johannes Trithemius . He tells of three towers that carried six bells.

Dehio adopts a porch and paradise . The function of the structural remains that are still visible there to a small extent could only be determined after an archaeological investigation. Here, too, the reconstruction proposals differ from one another. The south-west tower collapsed in the 13th century, possibly during the earthquake in 1289. The tower, which is still under the roof, is a reconstruction from the 14th century in Gothic form. On the west side of the third floor there is a relief depicting the monastery church. This southwest tower has restricted access to the public.

Interior

Crossing , cross arms and the house about 1.80 m elevated chorus describe in outline in each case a square of 12 m on a side. Wall pillars and garments were made of carefully worked stone. While the pillars and the cuboid structures remained unplastered, the remaining wall surfaces were plastered and - as is usual in medieval churches - originally well painted. The arcades (eleven on each side of the main nave) and the wall above have collapsed. Some of the columns that had Attic bases and cube capitals were erected again, one replaced. Other places where pillars used to stand have been marked by trees planted there. The floor of the entire church is not constructed horizontally, but has a perceptible slope towards the choir.

Each of the two transept arms has a semicircular, east-facing apse . On the other outer walls of the transepts, light fell through exceptionally large arched windows, which are arranged in two rows on top of each other in three axes. The sills of the windows facing outward corbels , whose function is unclear.

The crypt , which had previously collapsed and was reconstructed in 1979, is located under the choir , the only part of the monastery church that was vaulted in Salian times . Four columns with cube capitals support the vault in the middle, which forms three yokes three times . There are three altar niches in the east wall . The crypt includes masonry that comes from the Salian castle that stood here in front of the monastery.

Equipment and library

The position of the choir screen and the rood screen were determined during the archaeological excavations in 1935. There are reflections on the altars with which the church was equipped. In the Gothic southwest tower there is a group of donors with Emperor Konrad II and a model of the church showing the church. During restoration work in 1979, the remainder of a Salic fresco was found on the north wall of the transept . It was salvaged and is now in the Palatinate History Museum .

Emperor Heinrich III. donated a piece of the Holy Cross that he had brought from Italy to the monastery in 1047.

Two Gothic Madonna figures are attributed to the monastery in literature. Both were found in 1842 by Pastor Philipp Braun in the attic of the church in Grethen. Although this site belongs to the immediate vicinity of the Limburg monastery, it does not yet prove that the figures come from the monastery. The first, the Limburg Madonna (13th century), came to Cologne through the art trade in 1879. There it can be viewed in the Church of St. Mary in the Capitol . A replica is in St. Ludwig in Bad Dürkheim. The second, much smaller Gothic Madonna is now in the Severikirche in Fulda .

The documents from the monastery archive were sold to the St. Urban monastery in Pfaffnau , Canton Lucerne , Switzerland , in 1839 . After this monastery was closed in 1848, they came to the Lucerne State Archives .

The Dagulf Psalter belonged to the library of the monastery . Today it is in the Austrian National Library in Vienna. The Limburg Gospels from the beginning of the 11th century, which are now kept in the Cologne Cathedral Library, also belonged to the monastery library .

Monastery building

Ruins of the cloister from the 16th century

Some of the former monastery buildings have been preserved on the north side of the church. These include the Gothic remains of the cloister , the chapter room and the winter refectory. The summer refectory in the Renaissance style has largely been preserved in its outer walls. The historic cellar vault is still located under the modern concrete ceiling. An 86-meter-deep well, which was cleared out in 1972, lies east of the church choir.

Myths and legends

Emperor Konrad II personally is said to have laid the foundation stone of the monastery as well as that of the imperial cathedral in Speyer on the same day .

The legend of the nearby Teufelsstein wants to be the founding myth of the monastery.

An old chronicle tells of an underground corridor that connected the Limburg Abbey with the Hausen nunnery to the west of the valley .

After the monastery fire of 1504, a golden crown is said to have been found near the monastery, which may have adorned the head of one of the above-mentioned Madonnas. The finder melted the gold and sold the profit in inns. As a punishment from God, death is said to have overtaken him immediately.

Todays use

Refectory building with garden bar

The facility is open to the public outside of events, admission is not charged. From June to the end of August, open-air events such as concerts, theater and opera performances take place in the monastery ruins. The registry office Bad Dürkheim conducts weddings in the crypt.

A restaurant is built into the former sacristy of the monastery basilica, the Limburg monastery tavern . North of the nave and west of the monastery tavern are the ruins of the refectory . A garden bar operated by the Klosterschänke is in front of it. The Klosterschänke was destroyed by fire on July 14, 2017, which is why catering was no longer possible. On June 1st, 2020 the new opening took place under new tenants with the name Konrad2 .

useful information

Reconstruction drawing on a bank note from the city of Bad Dürkheim from 1923

It is controversial whether the high medieval sequence poet Gottschalk von Aachen was a monk of the Limburg monastery at the beginning of his spiritual career. The "Gottschalk sculptures" on the eastern area of ​​the mountain spur represent interpretations of the sequence "IN OCTAVA EPIPHANIAE".

The origin of the municipality Limburgerhof, which is not far from the monastery in the Rhine valley, has its roots in a former property of the Limburg monastery.

The Palatinate singer, actor and writer Eduard Jost is said to have composed his Palatinate song , which was written in 1869 and is considered the region's “national anthem”, by the tower of the Limburg monastery ruins. A stone pyramid with a memorial plaque reminds of this. According to Jost, he received the inspiration for this while standing “on the mountain's summit” and looking “in sweet peace” into the plain.

A banknote from the city of Bad Dürkheim from 1923 with the inflation value “500 million marks” shows a reconstruction drawing of the monastery church by Wilhelm Manchot .

The Dürkheim scouts from the Salier tribe, founded in 1953 , had the image of Limburg in their coat of arms, which has since been changed to the Palatinate Lion .

Since 1991 the Limburg Prize for Prose Literature has been awarded in Bad Dürkheim every three years .

The old name Winzergenossenschaft Vier Jahreszeiten Kloster Limburg reminded of the monastery . After its supraregional expansion, it renamed itself " Vier Jahreszeiten Winzer" .

See also

literature

  • Georg Dehio : Handbook of the German art monuments . Band Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland . Deutscher Kunstverlag , Munich 1984, p. 558-560 .
  • Regine Dollinger: Preservation of a church ruin through partial reconstruction - example Limburg ad Haardt . In: Preservation of monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate. Year 37/38: copy - reconstruction - historicizing memory. Day of the Preservation of Monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland 1983. Annual reports 1982–83. Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft Worms 1984. ISSN 0341-9967, pp. 107-114.
  • Georg Peter Karn and Rolf Mertzenich: Bad Dürkheim district (= monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Cultural monuments Rhineland-Palatinate, Volume 13.1). Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft Worms 1995, pp. 98-101.
  • Augustin Keßler: The Limburg near Bad Dürkheim . 2nd edition: edited by Werner Mühlpfordt. Bad Dürkheim 1987.
  • Augustin Keßler: The "treasures" of Limburg . In: Jens Werner: Monastery of the Holy Cross. Limburg . Bad Dürkheim 1993, pp. 78-81.
  • Franz Klimm and Alexander Thon: On the building history of the Limburg monastery church on the Haardt . In: Kaiserslauter Yearbook for Palatinate History and Folklore 1 (2001), pp. 13–86.
  • Franz Klimm: Limburg, Seelbach Abbey and Hardenburg . 5th edition. Speyer 1973.
  • Hanz Kunze: The Limburg an der Haardt monastery church and the question of the double tower facade on the Upper Rhine . In: Oberrheinische Kunst 10 (1942), pp. 5-38.
  • Wilhelm Manchot: Limburg ad Haardt monastery. A construction science and historical treatise . Mannheim 1892. Reprinted by: Aktion Limburg e. V.
  • Heinz Steinhauer: Benedictine Abbey Limburg ad Haardt - Analysis of the reconstruction of the former western building . In: Communications of the historical association of the Palatinate 88. Speyer 1991. ISSN 0073-2680, pp. 21–60.
  • Heinz Steinhauer: Limburg ad Haardt. Salier fort and Benedictine monastery . Ellerstadt 2003. Without ISBN.
  • Heinz Steinhauer and Werner Stubenrauch: Limburg. Salian house castle and Salian monastery foundation . 2nd edition: Bad Dürkheim 1992.
  • Fritz Wellmann: Limburg Monastery on the Haardt . Technical University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe 1953 (machine-written dissertation).
  • Jens Werner: Monastery of the Holy Cross. Limburg . Bad Dürkheim 1993.

Web links

Commons : Limburg (Bad Dürkheim)  - Collection of images
Wikisource: Limpurg in the Topographia Palatinatus Rheni (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Remarks

  1. ↑ The name is said to be derived from the Lindwurm and thus mean "Dragon Mountain".
  2. ↑ Steinhauer / Stubenrauch, pp. 8-10, and Werner, pp. 3 f., Which summarize the state of affairs, mostly only make assumptions.
  3. ↑ According to a legend (Manchot, p. 4 f.), Which , however, also found its way into scientific literature in the first half of the 19th century (Franz Xaver Remling: Documented history of the former abbeys and monasteries in what is now Rhinbayern . Neustadt ad Haardt 1836 . ND Pirmasens 1973, p. 117), Emperor Konrad II laid the foundation stone for the Benedictine Abbey on July 12, 1030 at 7 a.m. and the foundation stone for the Speyer Cathedral at 1 p.m. on the same day. An inscription from the 19th century, which is embedded in the west facade of the church ruin, is based on this legend.
  4. ↑ Karn, p. 98, names Emich VIII.
  5. ↑ Manchot, p. 34, is the only one who mentions the year 1847.
  6. ↑ Dehio, p. 559, even speaks of the fact that the plaster is still “preserved in large remnants”.
  7. ↑ " Turres habebat in fine versus Orientem 3 in quibus companae [Campanae] 6. numero pendebant. “(She had three towers at their western end, in which bells, six in number, hung.) - quoted from Klimm / Thon: Zur Baugeschichte , p. 30 f.
  8. ↑ Interested parties can get the key for access to the tower in the monastery tavern. As of 2017, entry is 1  euro per person, and a key deposit must also be deposited.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Dehio, p. 559.
  2. ^ Dehio, p. 558.
  3. ↑ Karn p. 98.
  4. ↑ Map service of the landscape information system of the Rhineland-Palatinate nature conservation administration (LANIS map) ( notes )
  5. ↑ Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( information )
  6. ↑ The Celts in the Palatinate settlement area. Retrieved May 15, 2016 .
  7. ^ Steinhauer: Limburg ad Haardt , p. 7.
  8. ↑ a b Heidenmauer and Limburg with settlement area ... Retrieved on May 15, 2016 .
  9. ^ Steinhauer: Limburg ad Haardt , p. 7.
  10. ↑ Werner, p. 3.
  11. ↑ Steinhauer / Stubenrauch, p. 9.
  12. ↑ Werner, p. 5.
  13. ^ Dehio, p. 558.
  14. ↑ Klimm / Thon: Zur Baugeschichte , p. 57 ff; Werner, p. 30.
  15. ↑ Manchot, p. 9 and note 1.
  16. ↑ Manchot, p. 10.
  17. ↑ Keßler: Die "Schätze" , p. 79.
  18. ↑ Klimm / Thon: On building history , p. 56.
  19. ↑ Friedrich Sprater : The grave of Queen Gunhild on the Limburg . In: Our home . Sheets for the Palatinate-Saarland Volkstum 4 (1938/39), pp. 364–369.
  20. ↑ See Advent # story .
  21. ↑ Manchot, p. 10 f.
  22. ↑ Manchot, p. 12.
  23. ↑ Manchot, p. 11.
  24. ↑ Manchot, p. 15.
  25. ↑ Manchot, p. 17.
  26. ↑ Manchot, p. 17.
  27. ↑ Manchot, p. 17 f.
  28. ↑ Manchot, p. 17 f.
  29. ↑ Manchot, p. 20.
  30. ↑ Manchot, p. 21.
  31. ↑ Manchot, p. 23.
  32. ↑ Manchot, p. 23.
  33. ↑ Manchot, p. 24.
  34. ↑ Manchot, p. 24.
  35. ↑ Manchot, p. 30.
  36. ^ Johann Georg Lehmann : History of the Limburg Monastery near Dürckheim an der Haardt . Frankenthal (Pfalz), 1822, p. 80 f. (Digital scan)  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Dehio, p. 558.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / books.google.dfe  
  37. ^ Dehio, p. 559.
  38. ^ Dollinger: Receipt , p. 108.
  39. ↑ Manchot, p. 32.
  40. ↑ Manchot, p. 33.
  41. ↑ Manchot, p. 34.
  42. ↑ Manchot, p. 33 f.
  43. ↑ Werner, p. 11.
  44. ↑ Claudia Rink: With spade and pen. Johann Metzger 1789–1852. Landscape architect, botanist and designer of the Heidelberg Castle Gardens. Ubstadt-Weiher 2008. ISBN = 978-3-89735-536-1, p. 26 f.
  45. ↑ Manchot, p. 34.
  46. ↑ Steinhauer: Limburg ad Haardt , p. 25.
  47. ↑ Sprater: The grave ; Klimm / Thon: On the history of construction , pp. 35, 36, 54.
  48. ↑ Werner, p. 2.
  49. ^ Dollinger: Receipt , p. 111; Keßler: Die Limburg , p. 56.
  50. ^ Dollinger: Receipt , p. 111 f.
  51. ↑ Keßler: Die Limburg , p. 56.
  52. ↑ a b Peter Spengler: Limburg host loses life in fire , Die Rheinpfalz , July 15, 2017.
  53. ↑ Peter Spengler: Blickpunkt: Fire in the Limburg Klosterschänke , Die Rheinpfalz , July 15, 2017.
  54. ↑ Peter Spengler: The cause of the fire remains unclear , Die Rheinpfalz , July 29, 2017.
  55. ↑ Karn, p. 100.
  56. ^ Dehio, p. 559.
  57. ^ Dehio, p. 558.
  58. ↑ Dehio, p. 560; Karn, p. 100.
  59. ↑ So: Klimm / Thon: To the history of construction ; Steinhauer, pp. 31, 43, 50, 51, 59; Wellmann (Steinhauer, p. 53); Werner p. 112 f.
  60. ^ So: Dehio, p. 558; ; W. Hartung (Steinhauer, pp. 28, 58); Karn, p. 98; Kunze: The monastery church ; Manchot (Steinhauer, pp. 32, 57); Wellmann (Steinhauer, p. 55).
  61. ↑ Klimm / Thon: On building history , p. 30 f.
  62. ↑ Dehio, p. 558; so also Karn, p. 98.
  63. ↑ Karn, p. 98.
  64. ^ Dehio, p. 560.
  65. ^ Dehio, p. 559.
  66. ^ Dehio, p. 560.
  67. ↑ Karn, p. 98.
  68. ^ Dehio, p. 559.
  69. ^ Dehio, p. 559.
  70. ↑ Karn, p. 98.
  71. ↑ Klimm / Thon: On the history of construction , p. 34 ff.
  72. ↑ Klimm / Thon: On the history of construction , p. 51 ff.
  73. ↑ Klimm / Thon: On the history of construction , p. 39 ff.
  74. ↑ Keßler: Die "Schätze" , p. 81.
  75. ↑ Manchot, p. 10.
  76. ↑ Keßler: Die "Schätze" , p. 79.
  77. ↑ Keßler: Die "Schätze" , p. 81.
  78. ↑ Werner, p. 11.
  79. ^ Austrian National Library, Vienna, call number: Cod. 1861 .
  80. ↑ Keßler: Die "Schätze" , p. 78.
  81. ↑ Col. Metr. 218.
  82. ↑ Keßler: Die "Schätze" , p. 78.
  83. ^ Dehio, p. 560.
  84. ↑ Keßler: Die Limburg , p. 55.
  85. ^ Karl Geib: Legends and Stories of the Rhineland, p. 49.
  86. ^ City of Bad Dürkheim: Information on getting married in the crypt. Retrieved July 14, 2017 .
  87. ↑ Mark Spötzl: Klosterschänke Limburg. Retrieved August 4, 2017 .
  88. ^ Limburg monastery tavern. (No longer available online.) Bad Dürkheim , 2017, archived from the original on November 19, 2017 ; accessed on August 4, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bad-duerkheim.com
  89. ↑ New opening of the Limburg gastronomy: KONRAD2. Bad Dürkheim , March 24, 2020, accessed on August 11, 2020 .
  90. ↑ Klosterschänke Limburg: “Konrad2” opens on Whit Monday. Die Rheinpfalz , May 26, 2020, accessed on August 11, 2020 .
  91. ↑ Memorial plaque next to the tower.
  92. ↑ Lyrics, 1st verse .
  93. ^ Scout tribe Salier : Tribe Salier Bad Dürkheim. Retrieved October 17, 2012 .
  94. ↑ Largest wine-growing company in the Palatinate . In: Die Rheinpfalz , local edition Bad Dürkheimer Zeitung . Ludwigshafen November 25, 2010.

Coordinates: 49 ° 27 '24.7 "  N , 8 ° 8' 44"  E