Vítězslav Nezval

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Vítězslav Nezval (right) with Philippe Soupault (1927)
Vítězslav Nezval

Vítězslav Nezval [ ˈviːtjɛslaf ˈnɛzval ] (born May 26, 1900 in Biskoupky , † April 6, 1958 in Prague ) was a Czech poet, writer and translator. He is considered a co-founder of poetism and a leading figure in Czech surrealism . In 1953 he was named a national artist and received the gold medal of the World Council for Peace .

Life

Bust on his grave (by Jan Simota )

At the age of three, the son of a country teacher moved with his family to Šemíkovice , a place that he later describes in his works. In 1911 he attended high school in Trebitsch , which he finished in 1919. He studied for a semester at the Faculty of Law in Brno , later continued his studies at the Faculty of Philosophy in Prague, but did not graduate either.

In 1922 he joined the Devětsil group together with Karel Teige , where he co-founded poetism and gradually became the political initiator of the Czech avant-garde movement . In 1924 he joined the KSČ . 1924–1925 he was secretary in the creation of Masaryk's Lexicon and from 1928 to 1929 dramaturge of the Liberated Theater ( Osvobozené divadlo ), but later devoted himself only to the art of writing. His works have also been published in major daily newspapers and magazines such as Rudé právo , Tvorba, Odeon , Nová scéna , Lidové noviny .

On his travels to the Soviet Union , France , Italy and Greece he met numerous surrealists such as André Breton , under whose impression he founded the Czechoslovakian Surrealist in 1934, which he dissolved again in 1938. He joined the anti-fascist movement and was briefly imprisoned in 1944.

After the Second World War he was an active communist and received numerous recognitions and awards for his work. The quality of his work in this epoch deteriorated significantly. Nevertheless, he remained true to the ideals of poetism and defended them against socialist realism . In 1951 he took over the management of the film department of the Ministry of Information.

He died of complications from a heart attack and a scarlet fever disease and was buried in the Vyšehrad cemetery in Prague.

The asteroid (8143) Nezval , discovered in 1982, was named after him in 2008.

Abeceda

Nezval's poem Abeceda was choreographed by him and the dancer Milča Mayerová in 1924, photographed by Karel Paspa and published as a book in 1926 designed by Karel Teige ( see the article on Milča Mayerová ).

Valerie

His novel Valerie a týden divů ( Valerie and the Week of Miracles ) served as a template for Jaromil Jireš 's film of the same name under the German title Valerie - A Week of Miracles .

Works

He was a representative of associative poetry. Karel Hlaváček , Otokar Březina , Jakub Deml , Arthur Rimbaud , Guillaume Apollinaire and translations of French poets had the greatest influence on his work . He also wrote experimental prose, adventure stories, and literature for children.

German language translations

  • Poems, trans. by Otto Eisner / Hans Schönhof, Leipzig 1938.
  • I sing peace [Zpěv míru], trans. by Kurt Barthel, Berlin 1951.
  • Golden youth [Zlatý věk], trans. by Erich von Bertleff, Prague, 1961.
  • Things, flowers, animals and people for children [Věci, květiny, zvířátka a lidé pro děti], trans. by Peter Aschner, Prague 1963.
  • Selected poems, trans. by Johannes Schröpfer, Frankfurt am Main 1967.
  • On Trapezen: Poems [Na visutých hrazdách], trans. by Franz Fühmann , Leipzig, 1978.
  • The Prague Walker [Pražský chodec], transl. by Karl-Heinz Jähn, Berlin 1984.
  • From my life [Z mého života], trans. by Annette Simon / Jan Faktor , Leipzig 1988.
  • V. Nezval / Karel Teige: Dispatch on Wheels: Theater Texts 1922–1927 [Depeše na kolečkách], trans. by Lothar Trolle / Karl-Heinz Jähn / Peter Ludewig, Berlin 2001.
  • Edison, trans. by Lutz-Erdmut Adolf, Furth im Wald / Praha 2001.
  • Acrobat, trans. by Barbara Bausch / Eva Dymákova, Leipzig 2018.
  • Valerie and the Week of Miracles [Valerie a týden divů], trans. by Ondřej Cikán , Vienna and Prague 2018.

drama

  • Depeše na kolečkách, 1922; German transl. as a despatch on wheels , 2001
  • Strach (fear), 1929; published in book form in 1930
  • Schovávaná na schodech (hide and seek on the stairs), 1931
  • Milenci z kiosku (The Kiosk Lovers), 1932
  • Manon Lescaut , 1940
  • Loretka (Loretto), 1941
  • Tři mušketýři (The Three Musketeers), 1953
  • Dnes ještě zapadá slunce nad Atlantidou (Today the sun still sets over Atlantis), 1956
  • Veselá Praha (Funny Prague), 1957
  • Jak se z klubíčka ježek vyklubal (How a hedgehog hatched from a ball), 1962
  • Nový Figaro (The New Figaro), 1962

essay

  • Falešný mariáš ( False Mariash ), 1925
  • Wolker, 1925
  • Josef Čapek , 1937
  • Moderní básnické směry ( Modern Streams of Poetry ), 1937
  • Štyrský a Toyen ( Styrsky and Toyen ), 1938
  • Antonín Slavíček , 1952
  • Rudolf Kremlička , 1955
  • O některýchproblemémech současné poezie ( On some problems in contemporary poetry ), 1956

memoirs

  • Z mého života ( From my life ), 1959
  • Depeše z konce tisíciletí: Korespondence Vítězslava Nezvala (Telegram from the end of the millennium: Vitezslav Nezval's correspondence ), 1981

poetry

  • Most ( The Bridge ), 1922
  • Pantomima ( pantomime ), 1924
  • Menší růžová zahrada ( The Lesser Rose Garden ), 1926
  • Básně na pohlednice ( Poems for Postcards ), 1926
  • Diabolo, 1926
  • Blíženci ( twins ), 1927
  • Nápisy na hroby (funerary inscriptions ), 1927
  • Acrobat, 1927
  • Dobrodružství noci a vějíře ( Adventures of the Night and the Veil ), 1927
  • Edison, 1928
  • Židovský hřbitov ( The Jewish Cemetery ), 1928
  • Hra v kostky ( dice game ), 1929
  • Silvestrovská noc ( New Year's Eve ), 1929
  • Smuteční hrana za Otokara Březinu ( Sad Bells for Otokar Brezina ), 1929
  • Žena v množném čísle ( woman in plural ), 1930
  • Básně noci ( Poems of the Night ), 1930
  • Jan ve smutku ( Johann in Mourning ), 1930
  • Snídaně v trávě ( Breakfast on the Grass ), 1930
  • Signál času ( Signal of Time ), 1931
  • Tyranie pro lásku ( Tyranny for Love ), 1931
  • Pět prstů ( Five Fingers ), 1932
  • Skleněný havelok, 1932
  • Zpáteční lístek ( return ticket ), 1933
  • Sbohem a šáteček ( Farewell and Handkerchiefs ), 1934
  • 52 hořkých balad věčného studenta Roberta Davida ( 52 bitter ballads by the eternal student Robert David ), 1936
  • Praha s prsty deště ( Prague with the fingers of the rain ), 1936
  • 100 sonetů zachránkyni věčného studenta Roberta Davida ( 100 sonnets of the savior of the eternal student Robert David ), 1937
  • Absolutní hrobař ( The Absolute Grave Digger ), 1937
  • 70 básní z podsvětí na rozloučení se stínem věčného studenta Roberta Davida ( 70 poems from the underworld on parting with the shadow of the eternal student Robert David ), 1938
  • Historický obraz, 1938
  • Matka Naděje ( Mother Hope ), 1938
  • Pět minut za městem (Five minutes beyond the city limits), 1940
  • Balady Manoně, 1945
  • Švábi ( The Cockroaches ), 1945
  • Stalin, 1949
  • Veliký orloj ( The Great Astronomical Clock ), 1949
  • Básně 1919–1926, 1950
  • Zpěv míru ( Song of Peace ), 1950
  • Z domoviny, 1951
  • Křídla, 1952
  • Chrpa a města, 1955
  • Nedokončená, 1960
  • Kůň a tanečnice, 1962
  • Podivuhodný kouzelník, 1963
  • Zázračné proměny, 1980
  • Zpívám zpěv míru, 1980
  • Až se ti zasteskne, 1983
  • Básník v množném čísle, 1986

prose

  • Carnival, 1926
  • Kronika z konce tisíciletí, 1929
  • Chtěla okrást lorda Blamingtona, 1930
  • Posedlost, 1930
  • Slepec a labuť, 1930
  • Dolce far niente, 1931
  • Sexuální nokturno, 1931
  • Pan Marat, 1932
  • Jak vejce vejci, 1933
  • Monaco, 1934
  • Neviditelná Moskva, 1935
  • Valérie a týden divů, 1935
  • Anička skřítek a Slaměný Hubert, 1936
  • Řetěz štěstí, 1936
  • Ulice Gît-le-Cœur, 1936
  • Pražský chodec ( The Prague Walker ), 1938
  • Valerie a týden divů ( Valerie and the Week of Miracles ), 1945 (written in 1935)
  • Věci, květiny, zvířátka a lidé pro děti, 1953

Translations

  • Překlady, 1982

literature

  • Ilja Ehrenburg : People - Years - Life (Memoirs), Munich 1962, special edition Kindler, Munich 1972, Volume II: 1923–1941, pp. 71–78 (portrait), ISBN 3-463-00512-3 .
  • Julia Nesswetha: “Vítězslav Nezval's black novel 'Valerie a týden divů': surrealist visions of threatening proximity”, in: Bliskość i oddalenie / proximity and distance / Blízkost a vzdálenost , red. Mariusz Dzieweczynski, Miriam Jahr, Kateřina Ondřejová. Wrocław / Dresden, 2009, pp. 217–227.
  • Wolfgang F. Schwarz: Drama of the Russian and Czech avant-garde as a scenic text. On the theory and practice of epic and lyrical drama with Vladimir Majakovskij and Vítězslav Nezval . Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Cirencester / UK 1980 (= Symbolae Slavicae, 9), 363 p. [Diss .; contains u. a. Analysis of Nezval's dramas “Depeše na kolečkách” and “Strach”].
  • Wolfgang F. Schwarz: “The irony structure and paradigm shift in Vítězslav Nezval's drama of the twenties: 'Strach'. On the semantics of the transition from poetism to surrealism ”, in: Wiener slawistischer Almanach, Vol. 19, 1987, pp. 101–122.

See also

Web links

Commons : Vítězslav Nezval  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See e.g. B. his speech at the II. Congress of Czechoslovakian Writers 1956 in: Michal Bauer (ed.) II. Sjezd Svazu československých spisovatelů 22.– 29.4. 1956, Prague 2011, pp. 173–199 and especially p. 596.
  2. ↑ Minor Planet Circ. 62928
personal data
SURNAME Nezval, Vítězslav
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Czech poet, writer and translator
DATE OF BIRTH May 26, 1900
PLACE OF BIRTH Biskoupky
DATE OF DEATH April 6, 1958
Place of death Prague