Moravian eagle

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Moravian coat of arms - Moravian eagle
Historical flag of Moravia

The Moravian eagle is a common figure in the heraldry of the heraldic animal of Moravia .

The Moravian coat of arms has been used for centuries and represents Moravia, a historic country in what is now the Czech Republic. The coat of arms is also represented in one of the fields of the Great Coat of Arms of the Czech Republic.

The coat of arms of Moravia contains a crowned silver and red checkered eagle with golden claws and tongue. The eagle, which according to Karel Maráz first appeared in the seal of Margrave Přemysl of Moravia (1209 - October 16, 1239), a younger son of King Ottokar I Přemysl, could be imperial, it is certainly not a Moravian eagle, but very likely a Wenceslas eagle , Saint Wenceslas eagle (after his father Ottokar I. Přemysl ). The first type of Margrave Přemysl's seal is only documented in a single copy, and not much can be said about the worn seal image. The shape of the seal, however, was a gable, the filling of the seal field a lion. Margrave Přemysl (+1239) originally sealed a lion (like Margrave Vladislav Heinrich before ), but the number of tails is still uncertain. Two can only be seen on the seal of the margrave and the younger king Ottokar I Přemysl (1247). The second form of seal from Margrave Přemysl, which was used in the years 1233–1239, is already a typical one-sided riding seal for the Moravian margraves. The rider no longer wears a lion on his shield, but an eagle. However, it cannot be a Moravian eagle yet. There is an eagle as a symbol of independence from the Bohemian King in Prague. The choice of the seal statue and the eagle instead of the traditional lion is obviously an expression of the resistance of the Margrave Přemysl against his older brother and King Wenceslaus I , in whom Přemysl stayed at that time.

The oldest preserved color representation of the coat of arms of the Moravian Margrave ( Gozzoburg )

Blazon

A gold-crowned red and silver slaughtered eagle with gold reinforcement is shown in the blue field .

Moravian eagle

The Moravian eagle in its current form was created by Ottokar II Přemysl in the middle of the 13th century . This Moravian margrave became King of Bohemia and recently started using the silver-red checkered Moravian eagle on the blue field alongside the Czech silver lion (originally Moravian) on the red field. The silver-red checkerboard eagle with the golden crown and armor (i.e. beak, tongue and claws) on a blue shield is captured by works of art and official documents at this time.

History and use

Codex Manesse with Moravian Eagle

There is evidence of the eagle in the Codex Manesse in the image of Wenceslas II of Bohemia.

The Moravian eagle also had a breast shield on which the icon given by Emperor Charles IV to the Augustinian monastery in Brno was shown. The mother of God with child was shown as the venerated savior of the city from the advancing Swedish troops in the Thirty Years' War . In the course of history, the eagle was also represented with the moon (Ingeram Codex) and in 1462 with changed colors.

The Moravian eagle appears on several city coats of arms. From 1758 the coat of arms of Olomouc showed a Moravian eagle, which was adorned with the Austrian shield and the initials "FMT" (for Emperor Franz I and Empress Maria Theresa ) as a central shield. In 1934 the Austrian elements were removed and the letters SPQO, which stand for “ Senatus populusque Olomucensis” (“Senate and People of Olomouc”), were added to the eagle . The town of Znojmo (Znojmo) has, going back to a seal from 1272, a Moravian eagle with a Z on its chest as the town's coat of arms.

The oldest color representations of the Moravian eagle

The oldest color representation of the Moravian eagle is in the hall of the Gozzoburg City Palace in Krems, as Ottokar II Přemysl ruled over the Austrian lands. The silver-red checkerboard eagle has been the coat of arms of the Moravian country since the Luxembourg era at the latest. According to some researchers, these colors were derived from the colors of the Czech lion (a silver lion on a red shield) and expressed the association of Moravia with the Bohemian king and the Czech monarchy.

Origin of the Moravian eagle chessboard

The Moravian eagle differs from many other heraldic eagles by its characteristic chessboard ( aquila scacata ) or, according to heraldic terminology, sometimes by a diamond ( aquila tesserata ). The eagle chessboard has been documented on the oldest known seal of the city of Znojmo since September 1, 1272. This is the coat of arms of the city lord, King Ottokar II. Přemysl (Moravian margrave since 1247 ). In the baroque artistic conception, chess is understood as diamonds. Many researchers have already tried to explain the origin of the eagle chessboard.

Other old color representations of the Moravian Eagle

Jobst von Moravia, miniature in the Codex von Gelnhausen

The coat of arms gallery of Charles IV at Lauf Castle near Nuremberg dates from 1361, built by Emperor Charles IV in 1356 on the Reichsstrasse between Prague and Nuremberg on the ruins of an older Hohenstaufen castle. In the coat of arms gallery there are coats of arms from Moravia and Bohemia , other countries, clergy, nobles and cities. The mural of the Moravian eagle is also in the back of the room on the first floor of the large tower of the Karlstejn Castle.

Jihlava Law Book

Many representations of the Moravian Eagle are from the Jihlava law book (Gelnhausen Codex) from the beginning of the 15th century (1407), which was written by a lawyer Johannes von Gelnhausen in less than ten years.

The Moravian eagle is used here in the coat of arms decoration of the text, on the shields, on the horse traps, but also on the banners that were carried by the Moravian margraves and the Bohemian kings of the 13th to 15th centuries and are represented in every city privilege of them: Moravian Margrave Přemysl from 1228 to 1239, King of Bohemia from 1230 to 1253 Wenceslaus I, Moravian Margrave from 1247 to 1278 and King of Bohemia from 1253 to 1278 Ottokar II Přemysl, Moravian Margrave from 1333 to 1349 Charles I , King of Bohemia from 1346 to 1378 and Roman Emperor from 1355 to 1378 Charles IV, Moravian Margrave from 1349 to 1375 Johann Heinrich, Moravian Margrave from 1375 to 1411 and Roman King from 1410 to 1411 Jobst of Moravia, also known as of Luxembourg . He appears here alone and with the Czech lion.

The oldest written record of the Moravian eagle

The oldest written mention of the Moravian eagle can be found in the accomplished Chronicle of Ottokar-Steiermark, which describes the events in Central Europe from the middle of the 13th century to the end of the first decade of the 14th century.

In the course of the Battle of Kressenbrunn on July 12, 1260, in which the troops of the Czech king and the Moravian margrave Přemysl Otakar II won over the troops of the Hungarian king Béla IV , is next to the banner of Bohemia (white lion in the red field ): “In a rȏten samît ... a lewe wîz” describes the banner of Moravia (white and red checkered eagle): “a schâchzabelten arn of rȏter and of wîzer varbe” . Chronicle of Ottokar-Steiermark, verses 7259-7268: "Hern Dietrich Spatzmanen / sach man die banier direct: / in a rȏten samît broad / what was wehrt a lewe wîz. / Ouch heten ir baniere flîz, / those from Merhaeren were: / a Geschâchzabelten arn / von rȏter and from wîzer varbe / sach man ob in begarbe / waejen von dem winde. " .

The coat of arms of Emperor Friedrich III. Habsburg

Miniature with the coat of arms from 1462 of Friedrich III. Habsburg

Letter of arms (drawing privilege) of the Roman Emperor Friedrich III. published on December 7, 1462 on the initiative of the captain of the country of Moravia and the marshal of the Kingdom of Bohemia , Heinrich von Leipa , changed the original silver tincture of the Moravian eagle by changing the chess fields from silver to gold, creating the new coat of arms of the estate (“ color albus in glaucum sive aureum transmute “(white color changed to yellow or gold)).

Its publication is an example of international influences in the difficult moments of the reign of King George of Podebrady and of interventions in the internal affairs of the Bohemian crown because Frederick III. Habsburg granted it to the Moravian estates as Roman emperors. However, Moravia was part of the Bohemian Crown and according to the Emperor and King Charles IV. Enacted laws to take such measures, the Roman monarch had no authority because Moravia was under the direct rule of the King of Bohemia.

Book of the Knighthood from 1671. Antonín Martin Lublinský's drawing in 2018 was the subject of a jigsaw puzzle presented during the exhibition Moravia as part of the Czech state

This imperial privilege was not confirmed by Georg von Podiebrad and did not correspond to normal usage. The deed was valid because it contained all the legal requirements but was not effective. In 1628 the document appeared in the list of privileges that should not contradict the newly enacted Renewed State Order and, like many other older “harmless” privileges, was therefore formally confirmed by Ferdinand II without expressly going into it. However, Frederick's privilege before or after 1628 did not affect the Moravian coat of arms, as evidenced by the parliamentary articles published until 1838, the provincial ordinances of 1545, 1562, 1604 and 1628.

This is evidenced, for example, by the imperial copy of the manuscript of Müller's map of Moravia from 1714-1716, which Emperor Karl VI. was dedicated.

The imperial decrees of the second half of the 18th and first half of the 19th century also confirm that the silver-red checkered eagle in the blue shield is a symbol of the Margraviate of Moravia . If the change of color of the Moravian eagle by a document from Frederick III. If it was understood from the beginning as a change in the national coat of arms, then all these imperial decrees would be acts that repeal the provisions of this coat of arms.

The coat of arms described in Frederick's privilege was later called the coat of arms of Moravia at the end of the 18th century, but above all from the first half of the 19th century (some authors, politicians, parties, officials ...). In relation to Bohemia, it was not used as a strengthening and unifying element of statehood, like the colors of the Bohemian lion and the Moravian eagle since the mid-13th century, but as an attempt to disrupt it. This situation escalated especially after 1848 when the double coloring of Moravians and symbols used by regional authorities led to disputes. Thus, the document is not an example of the development of mutual statehood, but rather an external power disturbance with centrifugal tendencies.

19th century

Coat of arms of Moravia (not official) painted around 1890 by Hugo Gerard Ströhl

The fact that the Moravian coat of arms appeared in two forms in Moravia only became a problem in the 19th century. The centuries-old and officially valid coat of arms was the silver-red chess eagle with a golden crown and armor in a blue shield. The deed of December 7th, 1462 allowed the use of red and gold chess eagles, although they were not enforced in practice. This led to the fact that the representatives of the Moravian provincial administration, especially from the 30th and 40th years of the 19th century, gained a certain awareness towards the end of the 18th century. Despite increasing efforts to have the coat of arms recognized by the emperor, he did not recognize it until 1915. However, some of the statements made by the Viennese authorities stated that the use of red and gold chess does not resist eagle chess. Throughout the 19th century, the question arose whether there was a valid, but officially ineffective coat of arms for Frederick III. Habsburg, has priority over the historically used and confirmed coat of arms of Moravia.

20th century

Until 1915 the silver and red checkered eagle was used in the large and medium coat of arms of Austria-Hungary . In 1915 the chess of an eagle, which represents the Moravian coat of arms in the middle coat of arms, was changed from red-silver to red-gold when in October 1915 a change of the national coat of arms to Austro-Hungarian was publicly announced.

The coat of arms for Austria was not created until 1915 (formerly the unofficial term for "The kingdoms and countries represented in the Reichsrat"), a name that emphasizes the importance of the central government, in which the coat of arms of Moravia with the eagle and red gold chess was introduced. In the meantime, the Kingdom of Austria and Hungary used the coat of arms for all of Austria-Hungary, and in Hungary ( countries of the Hungarian crown ) the Hungarian coat of arms was used. These coats of arms were then used in 1915-1918.

Czechoslovak Republic

After the establishment of Czechoslovakia , the Moravian coat of arms, which became part of the state coat of arms of the Czechoslovak Republic, reverted to silver. Since 1918 the chess eagle has been tied in silver-red again in the Moravian coat of arms. This fact was confirmed by Act No. 252/1920 Coll. And, more recently, when the Czech Republic was established, by Act No. 3/1993 Coll. Within the meaning of the Constitution of the Czech Republic, which clearly states about Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia is written.

  • Middle coat of arms of the Czechoslovak Republic (1920–1939)

Czech Republic

The Moravian coat of arms is now part of the large national coat of arms of the Czech Republic , which is described in the State Symbols Act of the Czech Republic: "The large national coat of arms consists of a four-sided shield: in the first and fourth fields in red an upright gold-crowned and gold-armored two-tailed silver lion, in the second Field in blue is a gold-crowned and gold-armored eagle slaughtered by silver and red, in the third field in gold a gold-crowned and red-armored black golden eagle, covered with a silver crescent moon, which ends in the shape of a cloverleaf on the wing tips and ends in a cross on the chest. "

  • Coat of arms of the Czech Republic (1990–1992)

  • Coat of arms of the Czech Republic (1992 by Jiří Louda)

21st century

Coats of arms of the regions

After their creation, the new regions were given the right to request a coat of arms and a flag from the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic . The House of Representatives' Heraldry and Vexillology Subcommittee recommended that regions reflect their historical affiliation to the original countries in their coat of arms (and flags). The regions of Bohemia have been recommended to the Moravian eagle by the Czech Lion, Moravian-Silesian Region, Silesian Eagle, Moravian Regions and regions whose part belongs to Moravia. The Moravian eagle in this coat of arms is considered a silver-red checkered eagle based on the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the coat of arms of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.

  • Coat of arms of the Pardubice region.

  • Coat of arms of the highlands region.

  • Coat of arms of the South Moravian region.

  • Coat of arms of the Olomouc region.

  • Coat of arms of the Moravian-Silesian region.

  • Coat of arms of the Zlin region.

Coat of arms of the South Moravian region

There are two eagles in the coat of arms of the South Moravian Region. In the first field of the quartered shield there is a Moravian eagle and in the fourth field a golden red chess eagle with golden armor. This corresponds to the flag of the region, in which the upper pole blue field of the quartered leaf shows a Moravian eagle and the lower fluttering blue field a yellow-red breast eagle with yellow armor.

The Bohemian lion , the Silesian eagle and the Moravian eagle are unique heraldic and vexillological figures. They do not need to be described in detail.

Examples

The Moravian eagle in the field

Allocations and attributes

Others

literature

  • Ladislav Baletka, Jiří Louda: Znaky měst Severomoravského Kraje. Profil, Ostrava 1980.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Friedrich Prinz: German history in Eastern Europe: Bohemia and Moravia . Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-88680-200-0 , p. 381 ( online on Google Books [accessed February 25, 2013]).
  2. ↑ Karel Maráz: Sfragistika: studijní texty pro posluchače pomocných věd historických a archivnictví: Panovnická a státní sfragistika . Ed .: Masarykova univerzita. Brno 2014, ISBN 978-80-210-7143-8 , p. 88-89 .
  3. ↑ Karel Maráz, Sfragistika: studijní texty pro posluchače pomocných věd historických a archivnictví: Panovnická a státní sfragistika, Brno, 2014, p. 70-95. Retrieved February 13, 2020 .
  4. ↑ Štěpán Valecký: Erb českých králů. Zobrazování českého znaku v době Přemyslovců a Lucemburků . Ed .: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Katolická teologická fakulta. Prague 2017, p. 39-40 (Czech).
  5. ↑ František Pícha: O klenotu znaku moravského markraběte . In: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2010: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost . tape 15 (30) . Brno 2011, p. 7-32 (Czech).
  6. ^ Václav Vojtíšek: Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější) . Vesmír, Praha 1921, p. 21 (Czech).
  7. ↑ Vladimír Růžek: Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu . In: Veřejná správa . No. 10 , 2013, ISSN  1213-6581 , p. 20–22: 22 (Czech, online [accessed December 11, 2018]).
  8. ↑ Zbyšek Svoboda, Pavel Fojtík, Petr Exner, Jaroslav Martykán: Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce . In: Vexilology. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti . No. 169 . Prague 2013, p. 3319, 3320 ( online ).
  9. ^ Milan boys : Heraldry. Edited edition. Albatros, Prague 1987.
  10. ↑ Tomáš Krejčík, František Pícha: Český a moravský znak ve znakové galerii v Gozzoburgu v Kremsu . In: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2008: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost . tape 13 (28) , 2009, ISSN  0862-8963 , p. 49-57 (Czech).
  11. ^ Karolina Adamová: K heraldické výzdobě Staroměstské mostecké věže. Právně historický pohled . In: Pražský sborník historický . tape 15 . Panorama, 1982, ISSN  0555-0238 , p. 44-62 (Czech).
  12. ↑ Vladimír Růžek: Cesty k definici (nejen) moravského znaku a praporu . In: Veřejná správa . No. 10 , 2013, ISSN  1213-6581 , p. 20–22: 21 (Czech, online [accessed December 11, 2018]).
  13. ↑ Jiří Bílý: Moravská orlice, symbol panovníka, země a národa . In: Moravský národní kongres (ed.): Moravský historický sborník . Brno 2006, p. 277 (Czech).
  14. ↑ Vladimír Růžek: Česká znakova gallery na hradě Laufu u Norimberka z roku 1361 . In: Sborník archivních prací . tape 38 , no. 1 , 1988, p. 37-311 (Czech).
  15. ↑ Lenka Bobková: Hrady Karla IV. V Laufu a Tangermünde, Panovnická reprezentace vepsaná do komme . In: Martin Nodl, Petr Sommer (Ed.): Verba in imaginibus. Františku Šmahelovi k 70. narozeninám . Praha 2004 (Czech).
  16. ↑ Česká znaková galerie na hradě Laufu u Norimberka z roku 1361. Accessed December 11, 2018 .
  17. ↑ Malba moravské orlice ve velké věži hradu Karlštejn v Čechách. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  18. ↑ Jihlavský archive ukázal své nejvzácnější dokumenty, jinak nepřístupné. In: iDNES.cz. November 3, 2012, accessed April 21, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Gelnhausenův kodex (kodex A) - právní kniha. Jošt Lucemburský s moravským praporem v Jihlavské právní knize z roku 1407 na foliu 63r. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  20. ↑ Ottokar's Austrian Reimchronik (MGH Deutsche Chroniken V, 1). Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  21. ↑ Ottokar von Steiermark: 'Steirische Reimchronik'. In: www.handschriftencensus.de. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  22. ↑ František Pícha: Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského . In: Vexilology. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti . No. 169 . Prague 2013, p. 3320-3323 (Czech, English).
  23. ^ Václav Vojtíšek: Naše státní znaky (staré a nynější) . Vesmír, Praha 1921, p. 22 (Czech).
  24. ↑ Alexius Habrich: Iura primaeva Moraviae. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek digital, 1781, pp. 38-42 , accessed on March 29, 2020 (Latin).
  25. ↑ Archive český čili staré písemné památky české i moravské, svazek X. Josef Kalousek, 1890, pp. 273-274 , accessed on March 29, 2020 (Latin).
  26. ^ Berthold Bretholz: The Moravian State Archive, Its History, Its Holdings . Brno 1908, p. 124 .
  27. ↑ a b Ivan Štarha: History, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka . In: Veřejná správa . tape 2013 , no. 9 , ISSN  1213-6581 , p. 8–9 (Czech, online [accessed December 11, 2018]).
  28. ↑ a b František Pícha: K 550 letům erbovní listiny císaře Fridricha III. pro moravské stavy . In: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2012: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost . tape 17 (32) , 2013, ISSN  0862-8963 , p. 60-80 (Czech).
  29. ↑ Ivan Štarha: History, moravské barvy a moravská vlajka . In: Veřejná správa . tape 2013 , no. 9 , ISSN  1213-6581 , p. 8–9: 8 (Czech, online [accessed December 11, 2018]).
  30. ↑ Naše znaky státní (staré a nynější) , s. 23.
  31. ↑ Pavel Sedláček: republiky symboly . Ed .: Vláda České republiky. Prague 2009, p. 10 (Czech, online [PDF]).
  32. ↑ Císařský copy Müllerovy mapy Moravy. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  33. ↑ Joseph Paldus: Johann Christoph Müller. A contribution to the history of patriotic cartography, in: Mitteilungen des K. u. K. War Archives, 3rd episode, 5th volume . Vídeň 1907, p. 79-82 .
  34. ↑ Milan Hlinomaz: Ke státní a zemské symbolice českého státu v období 1526-1918 . In: Paginae historiae. Sborník Národního archivu . No. 3 , 1995, ISSN  1211-9768 , p. 161 (Czech, online [PDF; accessed December 11, 2018]).
  35. ↑ Karel Mlateček, Tomáš Černušák: Morava jako součást českého státu. Společný vývoj od středověku do 20. století. Události - jevy - osobnosti . Brno 2018, p. 130, 132 (Czech).
  36. ↑ František Pícha: Moravské barvy a vlajky v revolučním roce 1848 . In: Genealogické a heraldické informace 2017: Moravská genealogická a heraldická společnost . tape 22 (37) . Brno 2018, p. 40-41 (Czech).
  37. ↑ 11. října 1915, Brno - nařízení tiskové policie ve věci vydání nového státního znaku. Retrieved February 10, 2020 .
  38. ↑ The coat of arms and the national colors of Moravia . In: Brno Newspaper . No. 233 , October 12, 1915, p. 1 ( online [accessed February 10, 2020]).
  39. ↑ Vyhláška ck ministerského předsedy ze dne 3. listopadu 1915, kterou se stanoví a popisuje znak rakouských zemí. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  40. ^ Announcement by the Imperial and Royal Prime Minister of November 3, 1915, regarding the establishment and description of the coat of arms of the Austrian states. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  41. ↑ Moravské zemské barvy v roce 1915 - otázka vyvěšování praporů, uveřejnění schválených nových znaků rakousko-uherského mocnářství a rakouských zákoní v říškém zákoním. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  42. ↑ 29. prosince 1915, Brno - stanovení znaku rakouských zemí a znaku rakousko-uherské monarchie a způsobu jejich užití. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  43. ↑ Zákon ze dne 30. března 1920, kterým se vydávají ustanovení o státní vlajce, státních znacích a státní pečeti. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  44. ↑ Nařízení ze dne 20. srpna 1920 k provedení zákona ze dne 30. března 1920, č. 252 Sb. a n., kterým se vydávají ustanovení o státní vlajce, státních znacích a státní pečeti. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  45. ↑ Zákon ze dne 21. října 1936 o užívání vlajek, znaků a jiných symbolů, jakož i stejnokrojů a odznaků, ao opatřeních proti závadným označením. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  46. ↑ Moravská orlice jako součást státních symbolů Československé republiky (1918-1939, 1945-1960), Protektorátu Čechy a Morava (1939-1945), České republiky (1993-). Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  47. ↑ Moravian Eagles ve Velky Statnim znaku. Retrieved December 11, 2018 .
  48. ↑ Lucie Karpíšková: Proces tvorby krajských znaků. (PDF) 2008, pp. 24-97 , accessed on February 10, 2020 (Czech).
  49. ↑ Interní normativní akt volených orgánů kraje. Směrnice: Znak, vlajka a logo JMK. Zásady pro použití znaku, vlajky a loga Jihomoravského kraje. Retrieved February 14, 2020 .
  50. ↑ Lucie Karpíšková: Proces tvorby krajských znaků. (PDF) 2008, pp. 24-30 , accessed on February 14, 2020 (Czech).