White-eared wren

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White-eared wren
Cantorchilus leucotis-Buff-breasted Wren.jpg

White-eared wren ( Cantorchilus leucotis )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Cantorchilus
Type : White-eared wren
Scientific name
Cantorchilus leucotis
( Lafresnaye , 1845)

The Weißohr Wren ( Cantorchilus leucotis ) is a bird art from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae) that in Panama , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and Paraguay is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The white-eared wren reaches a body length of about 14.0 to 14.5 cm with an average weight of 21.0 g for males and 18.0 g for females. The reins are grayish, the over-eye stripe white, the eye stripe brown and the ear covers gray-brown and speckled white. The crown of the head and the upper side are consistently gray-brown, a color that changes to orange-brown at the rump and the upper tail-coverts. The upper wing-coverts are grayish brown with narrow blackish stripes. The wings of the hand and the wings of the arm have conspicuous yellow-brown to brown stripes. The matt reddish brown control feathers are crisscrossed with blackish bands. The chin and throat are dirty white, the chest yellow-brown, the belly cinnamon-colored which turns into a stronger cinnamon color to yellow-brown on the rear flanks and the rump. The eyes are dark brown, the upper beak black, the lower beak whitish to bluish flesh-colored and the legs gray or lead blue. Both sexes are similar. Young animals have less noticeable facial marking than adult birds. It differs from the Cabanis wren ( Cantorchilus modestus ) by the clearer wing stripes and the stronger yellow-brown color of the underside.

Behavior and nutrition

The white-eared wren feed primarily on invertebrates. Beetles , hymenoptera , Schnabelkerfen , butterflies and two-winged birds have been discovered in the stomach contents of bellows from Suriname . Caterpillars , spiders and pseudoscorpions were found in Panama . Mostly he is out looking for food in pairs or family groups. He usually looks for his food in the strata at 0.2 to 5 meters above the ground, occasionally higher, very rarely on the ground. He often examines the creepers under the treetops for food.

Vocalizations

The song of the white-eared wren is a complex antiphonic production of both sexes. It consists of a sudden series of sharp tones mixed with short clear whistles. These follow a guiding principle that is repeated regularly and consists of about twelve or more sounds. Young males sing antiphonic songs with their mother, the young females with their father. Its sounds contain fast chit-cho-cho tones.

Reproduction

The breeding season of the white-eared wren is lengthy. In Suriname it lasts from January to September, in Venezuela from January to at least June. It was reported from Panama that the couples cooperate in the incubation. A small proportion of the young remained in their parents' territory and at least one helped raise the nestlings. The nest is built by both sexes, has a spherical structure made of dead leaves, grass etc. and a short entrance tunnel that leads to the brood chamber. It is placed a meter or more above the ground, regularly under a palm tree. He builds several nests at the same time. A clutch consists of two to three white eggs with small brown spots. Unusually for a tropical wren, both parents breed. The full-fledged nestlings stay with their parents for some time and learn to sing during this time. The striped cuckoo ( Tapera naevia ) regularly uses its nest as a brood parasite .

distribution and habitat

The white-eared wren prefers secondary vegetation as well as the edges of bushes and forests . You can see him regularly near water. In northern Venezuela it can often be found in gallery forests , in the southern Amazon region in Várzea landscapes. In Delta Amacuro it is often found in a mixed habitat with mangroves and manicaria . In Venezuela it moves at altitudes of sea level up to 950 meters, in Ecuador up to 300 meters.

migration

It is believed that the white-eared wren is a resident bird .

Subspecies

There are eleven known subspecies.

  • Cantorchilus leucotis galbraithii ( Lawrence , 1861) occurs in eastern Panama and north-western Colombia. The subspecies is similar to C. l. condition , but it looks paler and is rather smaller.
  • Cantorchilus leucotis conditus ( Bangs , 1903) is common on Coiba Island and the Pearl Islands . The subspecies has a cleaner face, is larger and the colors are stronger than in the nominate form.
  • Cantorchilus leucotis leucotis ( Lafresnaye , 1845) is distributed on the Río Sinú to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta .
  • Cantorchilus leucotis collinus ( Wetmore , 1946) occurs in northern La Guajira . The subspecies is similar to C. l. venezuelanus , but has a darker underside.
  • Cantorchilus leucotis venezuelanus ( Cabanis , 1851) occurs in the east of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the plains of Guajira to the north-west of Venezuela. The subspecies looks less reddish and has a paler underside than the nominate form .
  • Cantorchilus leucotis zuliensis ( Hellmayr , 1934) is widespread in northeast Colombia and western Venezuela. The colors of the subspecies appear more intense, especially on the top.
  • Cantorchilus leucotis hypoleucus ( from Berlepsch & Hartert, E 1901) is widespread in north-central Venezuela. The subspecies has an olive instead of reddish tint on top. The underside looks paler.
  • Cantorchilus leucotis bogotensis ( Hellmayr , 1901) occurs in eastern Colombia as far as central Venezuela. The subspecies is similar to C. l. venezuelanus has a more reddish tint on the top and is darker on the underside.
  • Cantorchilus leucotis albipectus ( Cabanis , 1849) is widespread in northeastern Venezuela, the Guyanas and northeastern Brazil. The red tint of the top of the subspecies is limited and the underside appears paler.
  • Cantorchilus leucotis peruanus ( Hellmayr , 1921) is distributed in eastern Ecuador and southern Colombia to eastern Peru, western Brazil and northwest Bolivia. The subspecies is similar to C. l. albipectus , but has a smaller and shorter tail. The top looks a bit darker, the bottom more matt.
  • Cantorchilus leucotis rufiventris ( Sclater, PL , 1870) occurs from central Brazil to eastern Paraguay. The subspecies is similar to C. l. albipectus but the upper side is ocher-colored and the beak is longer.

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the white-eared wren was in 1845 by Frédéric de Lafresnaye under the scientific name Thryothorus leucotis . The type specimen came from Colombia. In 2006, Nigel Ian Mann , Frederick Keith Barker , Jefferson Alden Graves , Kimberly Anne Dingess-Mann and Peter James Bramwell Slater introduced the genus Cantorchilus, which is new to science . This name is derived from "cantus" for "song" and "orkhilos ορχιλος " for "wren". The species name "leucotis" is a Greek word formation from "leukos λευκος " for "white" and "-ōtis, oys, ōtos -ωτις, ους, ωτος " for "-ohrig, ear". "Venezuelanus" refers to the country of Venezuela, "zuliensis" to the Venezuelan state of Zulia , "bogotensis" to Bogotá and "peruanus" to Peru. "Galbraithii" honors the New York taxidermist John Renwick Galbraith (approx. 1837–1886), who accompanied James McLeannan (approx. 1815–1869) in 1860 on a collecting trip to Panama. "Conditus, condere" is of Latin origin and means "to be locked away, hidden, locked away" and "collinus, collis" "living on a hill, hill". »Hypoleucus« is composed of »hypo ὑπο « for »underneath« and »leukos λευκος « for »white«, »rufiventris« from »rufus« for »reddish« and »venter, ventris« for »belly«, »albipectus« from "albus" for "white" and "pectus, pectoris" for "breast".

literature

  • Outram Bangs: A new Wren from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 4 , March 16, 1903, p. 3-4 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Ernst Hartert: Mr. Hartert exhibited a new race of a Wren from the Orinoko River, which he, in company with Count Berlepsch, described as follows . In: Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club . tape 12 , 1901, pp. 12 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Jean Louis Cabanis : Travels in British Guiana in the years 1840-1844: together with a fauna and flora of Guiana based on models by Johannes Müller, Ehrenberg, Erichson, Klotzsch, Troschel, Cabanis and others . tape 3 . JJ Weber, Leipzig 1849 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Jean Louis Cabanis: Museum Heineanum Directory of the ornithological collection of the Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine at Gut St. Burchard in front of Halberstatdt. With critical comments and a description of the new species, systematically edited by Dr. Jean Cabanis, first custodian of the Royal Zoological Collection in Berlin and Ferdinand Heine, student philosopher volume 1 . R. Frantz, Halberstadt 1851 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1850–1851).
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: About some species of the genus Thryophilus . In: Negotiations of the Imperial-Royal Zoological-Botanical Society in Vienna . tape 51 , 1901, pp. 767-776 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Mr. CE Hellmayr describes two new neotropical bird forms . In: Anzeiger der Ornithologische Gesellschaft in Bayern . tape 1 , no. 5 , 1921, pp. 41-42 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Carl Eduard Hellmayr: Catalog of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History and including all species and subspecies known to occur in North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, the West Indies, and islands of the Caribbean Sea, the Galapagos Archipelago, and other islands which may properly be included on account of their faunal affinities . In: Field Museum Natural History Publications (=  Zoological Series ). tape 13 , no. 7 , 1934 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Donald Eugene Kroodsma, David Brewer in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Buff-breasted Wren (Cantorchilus leucotis) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • Frédéric de Lafresnaye: Description of quelques oiseaux nouveaux . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 8 , 1845, p. 337-342 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • George Newbold Lawrence: Catalog of a Collection of Birds, made in New Grenada, by James McLeannan, Esq., Of New York, with Notes and Descriptions of New Species . In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York . tape 7 , May 27, 1861, p. 315-334 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Nigel Ian Mann, Frederick Keith Barker, Jefferson Alden Graves, Kimberly Anne Dingess-Mann, Peter James Bramwell Slater: Molecular data delineate four genera of "Thryothorus" wrens . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 40 , no. 3 , September 1, 2006, p. 750-759 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.04.014 (2006).
  • Philip Lutley Sclater: Notices of new or little-known Species of South American Birds . In: Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1870 . 1870, p. 328-330 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Alexander Wetmore: New birds from Colombia . In: Smithsonian miscellaneous collections . tape 106 , no. 16 , 1947, pp. 1-14 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : White-eared Wren ( Cantorchilus leucotis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Donald Eugene Kroodsma u. a.
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  3. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence (1861), p. 320.
  4. ^ Outram Bangs (1903), p. 3.
  5. ↑ a b Frédéric de Lafresnaye (1845), p. 338.
  6. ↑ Alexander Wetmore (1947), p. 9.
  7. ↑ a b Jean Louis Cabanis (1851), p. 78.
  8. ^ A b Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1934), p. 164.
  9. ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a. (1901), p. 12.
  10. ^ A b Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1901), pp. 770 & 774.
  11. ^ Jean Louis Cabanis (1949), p. 673.
  12. ↑ a b Carl Eduard Hellmayr (1921), p. 41.
  13. ^ Philip Lutley Sclater (1870), p. 328.
  14. ↑ a b Nigel Ian Mann u. a., p. 758.
  15. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 225.
  16. ↑ George Newbold Lawrence (1861), p. 315.
  17. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 116.
  18. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 114.
  19. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 199.
  20. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 342.
  21. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 39.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Mann u. a. categorized the long-billed wren into the new genus.